英语发音规则与音标学习

1、Welcome to our class!,Lets enjoy English.,The most important points in learning English,A. Pronunciation. B. Grammar. C. Vocabulary,Pronunciation,Lets go over the international phonetic alphabet.,Vowels,a. Front vowels. /i:/ /i/ /e/ / b. Central vowels. / / /:/ c. Back vowels. /a:/ /:/ / /u:/ /u/,Di

2、phthongs,/ei/ /ai/ /i/ /u/ /au/ /i/ / /u/ /ai/,音节的划分,开音节 相对开音节 cake name shake code 绝对开音节 she he me go hi 闭音节 bad bed bit dog cup egg R音节 car her bird corn burn 成音节 apple parden,Lets practice!,/i:/ beat wheat feet peel heat deep teen meal eel neat least sheep /i/ bit wit fit pill hit dip tin mill il

3、l knit list ship,Bring me the bill, please. Did you leave a tip? The machine in the corner needs cleaning. To keep fit, you need to see to it that you dont overeat. Drinking was seen as a sin. Beauty is only skin deep. The river is still being polluted by the steel factory.,/e/ bet lend dead men mer

4、ry guess beck then mess check send / bat land dad man marry gas back than mass chat sand,Well, lets get everything ready. All is well that ends well. Better to do well than to say well. The bank still has many bad debts. Mary married a man whose father was a banker. Dad says a soft bed is bad for hi

5、s back. That man has taken my black jacket.,/ shut bus rubber dull gun lung nut wonder duck cuff hut stuck colour one under Hes worried about his uncle. She looks much younger than her younger brother. Do you have enough money for lunch? You are a lucky dog, always having the lucky star above you.,/

6、 banana worker litter flatter cupboard factor breakfast nursery /:/ worm burn turn firm bird curl purse shirt first girl,First come, first served. Its the early bird that catches the worm.,/ bond job lot shot pot swan not fox cock spot /:/ bored jaw lord short port sworn naught forks cork sport,He f

7、orgot to lock the door. You ought to do what the doctor ordered. Theres a small shop called Potters round the corner. He bought it but lost it. She taught me, but I soon forgot. What we call common sense is not common.,/ bun hut cut fuss butler come guts must lust duck much tusk chuckle /a:/ barn he

8、art cart farce partner calm guards master last dark march task charcoal,A: Come on, Tom! Hurry up! Lunch is ready! We want to start! B: Im coming. A: What are you doing? B: Im in the bath, Mother. A: What a funny time for a bath! By the way, Margarets come. B: Did you say Margarets come, Mother? A:

9、Tom! Put something on! You cant come the lunch in a towel!,/u/ book could full good hook look pull took foot shook stood /u:/ boot cool fool goose whose loot pool tool food shoot stool,He put his foot in his new boot and looked at it. The proof of the pudding is in the eating. The news is too good t

10、o be true. Only a fool would sit between two stools.,/ei/ bay paint race fail tail lain stay caned /ai/ buy pint rice file tile line sty kind /i/ boy point Royce foil toil loin stoit coined,Boys and girls come out to play. The moon is shining bright as day. Leave your supper and leave your sleep. An

11、d join your playfellows in the street.,/au/ bouts town fowl found how howl loud noun now /u/ boats tone foal phoned hoe hole load known know,There were no doubts about his progress. I really doubt if I can get a table for two near the window in this crowde restaurant. Beauty without virtue is a rose

12、 without fragrance.,/i/ peer tear (n.) fear sheer mere sheer dear leer / pair tear (v.) fair share mare share dare lair /u/ poor tour fewer sure moor sure doer lure,You can get your hair cut here. The doctor blew air into Tims left ear. The circus bear drank beer. We never have more than we can bear

13、. The present hour we are always able to endure.,/ fair bare hair tear (v.) rare despair /ai/ fire buyer hire tyre roit inspire,There is no fire without some smoke. The bear wants a tail, and cannot be a lion. A: Hey, there, you seem to be losing weight? Are you on a diet? B: Yes. Its great that you

14、 notice that without my telling you. I was so scared when I looked at the scale last month that I made up my mind to go on a strict diet right then.,Grammar,Part Members of the Sentence A sentence is made up of different parts known as the members of the sentence. Generally, there are in a sentence

15、two principal members: the subject and the predicate, and some secondary members: the object, the predicative, the object complements, the attribute, the adverbial, the appositive and so on.,advebial,The Subject,The subject is a principle member of a sentence denoting the person or thing about which

16、 something is said. A noun, a pronoun, a numeral, an infinitive, a gerund, a substantivized adjective or a clause can function as the subject, which usually appears at the beginning of a sentence.,Lost time is never found again. ( a noun) We are strongly against the plan. ( a pronoun) There are thir

17、ty students in our class. Twenty are girls, and ten are boys. ( two numerals) To see is to believe. ( an infinitive),Seeing is believing. ( a gerund) The poor are in great need of food. ( a substantivized adjective) What he says isnt the same as what he does. ( a clause),The Predicate,The predicate

18、is also a principal member of a sentence which says something about the person or thing denoted by the subject. The predicate usually comes after the subject. An intransitive verb, a transitive verb together with its object, or a link verb with a pre- dicative can serve as the predicate.,The predica

19、te falls into four kinds: a) simple predicate, which is formed by an intransitive verb or a transitive verb plus its object, b) compound nominal predicate, which is formed by a link verb plus a predicative, c) compound verbal predicate, which is formed by a modal verb plus an infinitive, d) double p

20、redicate, which is formed by a verb with full meaning plus a predicative.,双重谓语通常由一个不及物动词加一个形容词构成，有时也由一个不及物动词加一个名词构成，常用来构成双重谓语的不及物动词有rise, lie, die, stand, sit, marry, leave等。例如： 1. The sun rose red. (=When the sun rose, it was red.) 太阳升起红艳艳。 2. Tom lay sick. (=Tom was sick and he was lying.) 汤姆病倒了。,

21、3. He died a beggar. (= He was a beggar when he died.) 他死时是个乞丐。 4. Holding the note in his hand, he stood there dumbfounded. 他拿着票子，站在那里目瞪口呆。 5. That man stood quite still, except that his lips moved slightly.那个人除了嘴唇微微动着以外，站着一动也不动。 6. They sat silent. (=They were silent while they were sitting.)他们坐着一

22、言不发。 7. Dont marry too young.(=Dont marry when you are too young.) 不要早婚。 8. She left a child and came back a mother of three children. 她走时是一个孩子，回来时已是个有三个孩子的妈妈了。,The new school year begins on the 1st of September. (simple predicate) His wife is a worker. (compound nominal predicate) You should try to

23、 love her. (compound verbal predicate) He stood still. (double predicate),The Predicative,The predicative is a member of a sentence denoting the state, quality or status of the subject. A noun, a pronoun, an adjective, a numeral, an adverb, a non-finite verb, a preposi- tional phrase, or a clause ca

24、n function as the predicative, which usually comes immediately after a link verb.,He is a student. (a noun) Its you. (a pronoun) He is always the first to get to the school. (a numeral) Her voice sounds sweet. (an adjective),We are worried about your safety. (a non-finite verb) Marry is out. (an adv

25、erb) The colour is in fashion this year. (a prepositional phrase) What I want to know is when he will come back. (a clause),The Object,The object comes after a transitive verb, denoting the person or a thing that receives the action expressed by the predicate verb. The expression after a preposition

26、 is also called the object. the object falls roughly into three kinds: a) direct object, b) indirect object, and c) cognate object.,1)The Direct object,The direct object, usually coming after a transitive verb, denotes the person or thing that receives the action expressed by the transitive verb. A

27、noun, a pronoun, a substantivized adjective, a numeral, a gerund, an infinitive, or a clause can serve as the direct object.,He broke the window. (a noun) They treated the poor very cruelly. (a substantivized adjective) I hate you very much. (a pronoun) -How many apples did tom eat? -tom ate three.

28、(a numeral),I finished writing the letter. (a gerund) She wanted to go there alone. (an infinitive) I think that you should finish the work as soon as possible. (a clause),2)The Indirect Object,The indirect object, usually coming before the direct object, denotes the person towards whom the action o

29、f the predicate verb is directed. A noun or a pronoun denoting “person” can function as the indirect object.,I gave Mike a book. (a noun) Mary told me a story. (a pronoun),3)The Cognate Object,Some transitive verbs may sometimes take a noun which derives from their verb form, and the noun is similar

30、 in meaning to its corresponding transi- tive verb. Such a noun is called the cognate object. Most cognate objects have the same form as their verbs.,He laughed a hearty laugh. She died a glorious death. He dreamed a wonderful dream last night. He slept a good sleep last night.,Notice,give, bring, t

31、each, send show, buy, allow, fetch, hand, offer, owe, pass, refuse, tell, sing, sell, read and so on.,He gave me a book. He gave a book to me./ He gave it to me. He bought me a book. He bought a book for me.,5)The Object Complement,Some transitive verbs, besides taking an object, still require an ex

32、pression to make the sense of the predicate complete. Such an expression is called the object complement, which usually comes after the object. A noun, an infinitive, a participle, an adjective, an adverb or a prepositional phrase can serve as the object comple- ment.,We think his words a downright

33、lie. (a noun) He saw a thief (to) walk stealthily into the room. (an infinitive) He will have his watch repaired. (participle) We must keep the classroom clean and tidy. (two adjectives),When we went to his room, we found the light off. (an adverb) Dont regard a man of few words as a fool. (a prepos

34、itional phrase),6)The Attribute,The attribute is a word, a phrase, or a clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun or even a sentence, generally, an adjective, an adverb, a participle, an infinitive, a gerund, a noun, a pronoun, a numeral, a prepositional phrase or a clause can function as the attribu

35、te.,This is a nice watch. (an adjective) The student there is Mike. (an adverb) The old lady, with a worried look, is standing at the corner of the street. (a participle) There is a stone bridge over the river. (a noun),There are many books on the desk. (a pronoun) He has three ball pens. (a numeral

36、) I have a lot of work to do. (an infinitive) We are short of drinking water. (a gerund),China is a country with a history of more than 5000 years. (a prepositional phrase) He who could climb the ladder must begin at the bottom. (a clause),Position of the Attribute,Generally, a single word used as t

37、he attribute is placed before the modified word, while a phrase or a clause used as the attribute, after the modified word.,A good student must be hardworking. (a single word) He is a student of twenty years old. (a phrase) He is a student who is twenty years old. (a clause),But there are exceptions

38、:,(1) adverbs such as here, there downstairs, upstairs, out, home and abroad, when used as the attribute, should be placed after the modified word. (2)when the words in a phrase or a clause used attributively are hyphenated, the phrase or clause is placed before the modified word. a thirty-year-old

39、man,(3)Predicative adjectives beginning with the letter “a”, when used as the attribute, should be placed after the modified word. Tom alone didnt come to the meeting. The people alive should work hard. (4)Attibutes modifying compound indefinite pronouns such as something, everything, anything, noth

40、ing and somebody should be placed after the modified word. I have something important to tell you.,Word Order of the Premodifier,两栋旧的灰色小石屋 two small old grey stone houses,The Appositive,The appositive is an element which, coming after a noun or a pronoun and denoting the same person or thing as the

41、preceding noun or pronoun does, defines or supplements the antecedent. Generally, the appositive may be expressed by a noun, a pronoun, a numeral or a clause.,Beijing, the capital of China, has a large population. (a noun) You students should study hard. (a noun) You two mustnt play football in the

42、street. (a numeral) Word came yesterday that our team had won the game. (a clause),The Adverbial,The adverbial is an element which modifies a verb, an adjective, an adverb or even a whole sentence. Generally, an adverb, an adjective, a prepositional phrase, a nominative absolute construction or a cl

43、ause may function as the adverbial. He is very rich. (an adverb),Classification of the Adverbial,The adverbial falls, according to the meaning, into the following eleven kinds, i.e, adverbials of time, place, manner, condition, degree, frequency, cause, comparison, purpose, result and concession.,Po

44、sition of the Adverbial,(1) Adverbials of degree are usually placed before the modified word (except “enough”） He did his work very well. He is old enough to join the army.,(2) adverbials of frequency are placed: a) after a link-verb; b) before a notional verb; c) between an auxiliary or modal verb

45、and a notional verb. Tom is late for class.( always) I have heard of the news. (never),(3) adverbials of manner are usually placed after the modified verb. If the verb takes an object, they must be placed after the object. Adverbials of time and place are usually placed at the end or beginning of a sentence. If the adverbials of manner, time and place are used together, they are usually arranged in the order of “ manner+place+time”. But invitation is an exception.,In Celebration of the 80th Anniversary of the Founding of the Chinese peoples