chapter 3(1) 词语的翻译.ppt

1、1,第三章 词语的翻译词义的选择,3.1 词义的选择,英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义。一词多义就是说同一个词在同一个词类中，又往往有几个不同的词义。在英汉翻译过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后就要善于选择和确定原句中关键词的词义。选择和确定词义通常从以下几个方面着手：,12345, ,2,Methods,Based on the speech of the word Based on the context and the logical relations Based on the commendatory term or der

2、ogatory term collocation,3,3.1.1 根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义（Based on the speech of the word）,选择某个词的词义，首先要判明这个词在原句中应属哪一种词类，然后再进一步确定其词义。例如： Like charges repel. Unlike charges attract. （同性相斥，异性相吸）,4,但在下面例句中，like又分属其他几个不同词类： 1) He likes mathematics more than physics. 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。（动词） 2) In the sunbeam passing t

3、hrough the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发光。（前置词） 3) Like knows like. 英雄识英雄。（名词）,12345,5,Based on the speech of the word,Your account of what happened is not quite right. 你对于发生的事情的叙述不太正确。 Go right on until you reach the church. 一直往前走，直到你到达教堂为止。 Its my

4、 right of way, so that lorry must stop or slow down until Ive passed it. 我有优先通行权。 She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery. 她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案伸冤。,6,I said sorry, but he didnt say a word. He just gave me a black look. 我说了对不起，但他没吭声，只是白了我一眼。 只是面带愠色地瞪了我一眼。 The growing black economy

5、is beginning to worry the government. 政府已经开始担忧日益增长的“黑色经济”*。 *译注：“黑色经济”指国家经济中隐藏的私人现金交易的部分。,7,路上浮尘早已刮净，剩下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。 By now the loose dust had all been blown away, leaving the roadway clean and the rickshaw man quickened his pace. (鲁迅一件小事，杨宪益、戴乃迭译),8,4). 启事：信 招领启事 推荐信 鸣谢启事 证明信 征稿启事 口信 更正启事 表 病历表

6、 履历表 时间表 日程表,Case History Form,Acknowledgements,Certificate,Corrections,Letter of Recommendation,Contributions Wanted,Found,Timetable,Resume,Schedule,An Oral Message,9,3.1.2. 根据上下文联系以及词在句子中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义（Based on the context and the logical relations） 英语中同一个词，同一词类，在不同场合往往也有不同的含义，必须根据上下文的联系以及词的搭配关系或句型

7、来判断和确定某个词在特定场合下所应具有的词义。例如“Last”这一形容词： 1)He is the last man to come. 他是最后来的。(Being, coming, or placed after all others; final) 2)He is the last man to do it. 他绝对不会干那件事。 (Least likely or expected) 3)He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配干这个工作。(The least desirable or suitable),12345,“Each word when

8、 used in a new context is a new word.” J.R. Firth,10,再如“take （off）这一动词： 1)To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years. 脱鞋或穿鞋对她是一种痛苦，但这已经是多年以来的痛苦了。 The flyers practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space. 飞行 人员反复地在一块有限空地上练习起飞。,123

9、45,3）took the brake off， took 20 percent off. 松开刹车 优惠百分之二十,11,He halted in the district where by night are found the lightest street, hearts, vows and librettos. 在一个市区停下脚步，那里晚上有最明亮的街道，最愉快的心情，最轻率的盟誓和最轻松的歌曲。 Who is a good Christian, a good parent, child, wife or husband 真的是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的父母，孝顺的儿女，尽职的丈夫，贤良的妻

10、子 (名利场杨必译),12,It was a good dinner. 这是一个丰盛的宴会。 He proved to be a good listener. 他这个人善于倾听别人说话。 Tom must be a good football player. 汤姆一定是个优秀的足球队员。,13,I cant find good words for it. 我找不到合适的语言来表达。 It was a good morning; there were high white clouds above the mountain. 这是一个明媚的早晨，群山上高高地飘着白云。 The cheques a

11、re all good, of course. 当然，这些支票是完全有效的。,14,Each time he gave the bartender a good tip. 每次他都给酒保优厚的小费。 I do not speak without good evidence. 我不会说没有可靠根据的话。 It was a good paper. 这是一家声誉很高的报纸。,15,“Proper words in proper place make the true definition of style.” 合适的词用在合适的地方就是好文章。 Jonathan Swift,16,We have b

12、een working all day. We must have a break. 我们干了一整天了，必须休息一下。 Suddenly the line went limp. “I am going back.” Said Smith. “We must have a break somewhere. Wait for me. Ill be back in five minutes.” 引爆线突然耷拉下来。史密斯说：“我回去看看，一定是某个地方断了线。等一下，我五分钟就回来。”,17,3.1.3 Based on the commendatory term or derogatory ter

13、m,任何语言都有语体之分，有文雅、通俗、粗野；还有俚语、公文语以及术语等。文学作品中，作家通过不同的语体来刻划任务性格特征。翻译时，必须审其雅俗，量其轻重，这样才能恰如其分地表达原文的精神。翻译时有五要素：节奏的缓急，态度的褒贬，感情的浓淡，语气的轻重和用语的雅俗。 Examples,18,根据上下文确定词义的褒贬(1),They incited him to go into further investigation 他们鼓励他做进一步的调查。 The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers. 阴谋家煽动士兵们

14、造军官的反。,19,根据上下文确定词义的褒贬(2),The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent. 敌人杀了我们一个同志，我们宰了一个敌特。 An aggressive country is always ready to start a war. 一个好侵略的国家总是准备挑起战争。 An aggressive young man can go far in this firm. 一个富有进取心的年轻人在这家公司前途无量。,20,As a demanding boss, he excepted total l

15、oyalty and dedication from his employees. 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。（贬） Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. 凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。（贬） He was polite and always gave advice willingly, she recalled. 她回忆说，“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。”（褒）,21,3.1.4 Collocation,任何一种语言，在长期的使用过程中，会形成一些固定的词组或常见的搭配。所以翻

16、译时，必须注意英汉词语的不同搭配。 examples,22,Examples (1),That beat me. 真把我难住了。 We can beat him. 我们可以打败他。 He was cursing to beat the band. 他骂了个痛快淋漓。,23,Examples (2),These constant changes in the weather beat me. 这儿变化无常的天气使我适应不了。 He can beat me in mathmatics. 他的数学比我高明千万倍。 It beats me how he did it. 我不懂他怎么干出这种事来。,24

17、,Examples (3),The long tramp beats me. 长途跋涉使我筋疲力尽。 I beat the truth out of him. 我从他那里探出了真实情况。 They beat their swords into plowshares. 他们化剑为犁。 The sun continued to beat on them. 太阳还是热得炙人。,25,3.2 词义的引申,词义的引申是指在一个词所具有的原始意义的基础上，根据上下文和逻辑关系进一步加以引申，选择适当确切的目标语词语来表达，避免生搬硬套地逐句死译，使译文更加通顺流畅。 由于英语词义对上下文的依赖性强，可变性

18、大，因此词义引申对英译汉尤为重要。当然，词义的引申不得超出原始意义所允许的范围。,26,词义引申的手段,词义的转化 词义的具体化 词义的抽象化,27,3.2.1 词义的转化,翻译时，如果完全生搬硬套字典所给的字面意思，“对号入座”，会使译文生硬晦涩，含糊不清，甚至令人不知所云。因此，应根据上下文和原词的字面意思，作适当的转化。,28,Case 1,The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here. 译：可能影响投资开支的因素并不止这些。 析：do not stop here 由“不停留在

19、这里”转译为“并不止这些”。,29,Case 2,Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to stay. We are not going to reverse the trend. 译：不管你对它的态度如何，经济全球化已成为我们生活的一部分，这个趋势不可逆转。 析：若把它死译为“呆在这里”，不通顺。但引申为“已成为我们生活的一部分”，把原文的信息充分地传达出来，且易于读者理解。,30,Case 3,Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least se

20、e twenty years service. 译：我们的产品如果适当地定期检修，至少可以使用20年。 析：see twenty years service 由“看见20年的服务”转译为“使用20年”。,31,Case 4,Thats a tall story about the towns high street. 原译：这就是有关镇上高处街道的大故事。 改译: 有关这城主街的说法是在令人难以置信。 high street: the main street of a town or a city; tall: a. hard to believe, exaggerated,32,3.2.2

21、词义的具体化,词义的具体化是指把原义抽象笼统的词语，根据目标语的表达习惯，引申为意义明确具体的词语。英语中常用代表抽象意义的词表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般须作具体化的引申，否则意义会不明朗。,33,Case 1,There is more to their life than political and social and economic problem, more than transient everydayness. 译：他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。 析：everydayness 由“日常性”具体引申为日常生活所必需的“柴米油盐”。,

22、34,Case 2,The factory is famous for its arsenal of technical geniuses. 译：这家工厂以拥有众多技术精英而著称。 析：arsenal 由“军火库”具体引申为“众多”。,35,He is a valuable acquisition to the team. 他是该队不可多得的新成员。（抽象具体） 他的加盟，对于球队是如虎添翼。 When the Sheridans were little they were forbidden to set foot there because of the revolting languag

23、e and of what they might catch. 谢里登家里的人，小时候是不准去那儿的，生怕学到一些下流话，或沾染上什么毛病。（虚实）,36,3.2.3 词义的抽象化,词义的抽象化是指是将表示具体形象的词作概括性的引申，译成意义抽象的词。例如，将“之乎者也”译成“literary jargons”或 “pedantic jargons”就是一种词义抽象化的处理。现代英语常用表示具体形象的词指代一种属性、一种概念或一个事物，翻译时宜作抽象化的处理，使译文更加自然流畅。,37,Case 1,The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 an

24、d 15 percent. 译：利率一直在10到15之间不断波动。 析：see-saw 由 “跷跷板一上一下的交替摆动”抽象化为“波动”。,38,Case 2,Brain drain has been No.1 concern; as a matter of fact, it has been an epidemic in this area. 译：人才外流一直是头号问题，实际上，它已经成为那一地区带普遍性的严峻问题。 析：brain 由“头脑”抽象化为“人才”，concern 由“关心的事情”抽象化为“问题”，epidemic 由“流行病”抽象化为“带普遍性的严峻问题”。,39,Case 3

25、,There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 译：帝国主义者的性格既 残暴，又狡猾。 析：这里把tiger和ape这两个具体形象引申为这两个形象所代表的的属性：“残暴”和“狡猾”。,40,Case 4,Every life has its roses and thorns. 译：每个人的生活都有甜和苦。 析： 这里把roses（玫瑰）和thorns（刺）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“甜”和“苦”。,41,Case 5,There were times when

26、 emigration bottleneck was extremely rigid and nobody was allowed to leave the country out of his personal preference. 移民限制曾经极为严格，不许任何人处于个人喜好而迁居他国。（具体抽象）,42,This was the last straw. I was very young: the prospect of working under a woman constituted the ultimate indignity. 我再也无法忍受了。当时我还年轻: 在一个女人手下工作

27、的前景对我构成了最大的侮辱。（具体抽象）,43,Grey hairs should be respected. 老人应该受人尊敬。,44,Summary：词无定译，关键在于前后搭配译词贵在锤炼.e.g：,His sense of humor is low. 他缺乏幽默感。 Their sense of solidarity is very low. 他们的团结观念非常薄弱。 You are too soft with him. 你待他太温和宽厚了。 He has been living a soft life in the city. 他一直在城里过着舒适的生活。,45,When he mig

28、ht well have acted with boldness, he found himself filled with doubts, scruples (顾虑) and equivocations(踌躇), in addition to the ordinary fears of a lover. 译文一：当他可以大胆行动的时候，他发现自己除了一个情人所具有的那种普通的害怕之外，心里还充满怀疑、顾虑和踌躇。 译文二：等到他不妨大胆去追求的时候，他却迟疑不定，顾虑重重。至于一般堕入情网的人那种常有的提心吊胆的心理，那就是更难免的了。,46,This is the last place where I expected to meet you. Thats a tall story about the towns high street. She told me that her 18-year-old son was the baby. He is unhappy now, because he had a blue with his friend just now. a broke