大学英语语法 第十讲 被动语态

1、第十讲被动语态 一、构成英语有两种语态: 主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者, 被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者, 其构成为be + 过去分词。例如: They will widen the road . (主动) The road will be widened . (被动) Granny takes care of the girl . (主动) The girl is taken care of by Granny . (被动) Privileges must be done away with . 特权必须废除。The matter will be dealt w

2、ith as soon as possible . 这事将尽快处理。1 . 被动语态各种时态形式表一般时态进行时态完成时态现在am is ar e asked am is a re being asked has have been asked 过去was we re asked was were being asked had been asked 将来shall will be asked shall will have been asked 过去将来should would be asked should would have been asked I.m afraid I am bei

3、ng f ollowed . 恐怕我被人跟踪了。(现在进行时) We had to take a detour . The road was being repaired . 我们得绕行, 这条路在加宽。(过去进行时) The case has recently been tried . 案子最近已经审过了。(现在完成时) All the tickets had been sold out when they arrived . 他们到达时, 所有的票已经售完。(过去完成时) English is taught in most schools in China . 中国大多数学校都教英语。(一

4、般现在时) They were given a warm send-off . 他们受到热烈的欢送。(一般过去时) Their wedding will be held in the church . 他们的婚礼将在这个教堂里举行。(一般将来时) They were told that the result would be announced the next week . 他们被告知, 结果将在下一周宣布。(过去将来时) 2 . 情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的谓语变为被动语态时, 结构为: 一般式: 情态动词( can, could, may, might , must , should

5、, need 等) + be + 过去分词完成式: 情态动词( can, could, may, might , must , should, need 等) + have + 过去分词This can be done by hand . 这可以手工做。This musn.t be neglected . 这一点不可忽视。大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 535 二、被动语态使用要点It needn.t be mentioned in your talk . 这一点你在谈话中不必提及。The environment should be improved . 环境应当改善。The project

6、 might have been completed earlier . 这项工程本可以早些完工的。Such a situation could have been changed . 这种状况本可以改变的。They shouldn.t have been told about the plan . 这个计划是不应当告诉他们的。3 . be going to 等不定式结构的被动形式这类不定式结构的被动形式为: be going to ought to be to be bound to be sure to be cer tain to be due to be about to have(

7、has) to had to + be + 过去分词The patient ought to be operated on at once . 这病人应当立即动手术。The flowers ought to be watered every other day . 这些花应隔天浇一次水。The meeting is going to be held next week . 会议将于下周举行。Other problems also have to be f aced . 还需面对其他问题。It.ll have to be proof read once more . 这得重新校对一遍。Such

8、people are to be punished . 这种人应受到惩罚。Not a cloud was to be seen . 看不到一丝云彩。The thief is sure to be caught . 那个小偷一定会被抓住的。They are certain to be given more care . 他们一定会得到更多的关照的。The enemy is bound to be de f eated . 敌人一定会被打败的。The book is due to be published in the coming spring . 这本书将在来年春天出版。The decorat

9、ion is about to be f inished . 装修即将结束。Another railway is going to be built in this area . The t rip is to be cancelled because of the bad weather . 二、被动语态使用要点1 . 不及物动词不能用于被动语态appear , rise, die, happen, occur, lie, depart , belong to, break out , take place 等都属此类动词。例如: Great changes have been taken

10、place in my hometown . (误) Great changes have taken place in my hometown . (正) 2 . 表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态英语中有些动词(短语动词)不是表示动作, 而是表示某种状态或情况, 有“拥有、容纳、适合、缺少、明白”等意, 这类动词不能用于被动语态, 常见的有: lack , fit , mean, hold , resemble, have, cost , equal , contain, suit , comprise, become, last , possess, benefit , lack, befa

11、ll 降临, fail, consist of, look like 等。例如:新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书536 第十讲被动语态The book costs 10 yuan . What.s become o f her ? Her mother is resembled by Jane . (误) Jane resembles her mother . (正)珍妮长得像她母亲。Note: 当have 作“吃, 接收, 经历, 度过”解时, 虽用作行为动词, 但一般不用于被动语态。参阅有关章节。例如: The children had a most enjoyable holida

12、y . (正) A most enjoyable holiday was had by the children . (误) . 但当have 作“得到, 获得, 欺骗”解, 或同某些介词、副词结合构成及物性短语动词时, 可用于被动语态。例如: She has been had in the dealing( over the bargain) . 她在那项交易(买卖)中受骗了。The ticket can be had for the asking . 票索要即得。The young man was had up by the boss . ( = was summoned)那个年轻人被老板

13、召走了。3 . 某些动词的进行时也可表示被动意义, 常见的这类词有: bake, owe, brew, cook, print, bind, do 等。例如: The meat is cooking . 肉在煮着。The cakes are baking . 蛋糕在烘。The tea is brewing . 茶在煮。The money is still owing . 那笔钱仍欠着。The bridge is building . 桥正在修建。( = is being built ) The book is printing . 这本书正在印刷. Apples are selling che

14、aply . 苹果卖得很便宜。( = are being sold) The cow was milking . 那头牛正在挤奶。( = was being milked) Drums and gongs are beating . 鼓在打, 锣在敲。( are being beaten) The eggs are f rying . 蛋正在煎。The dictionary is binding . 词典在装订。Some clothes are airing on the fence . 篱笆上晾着一些衣服。A new film is showing in town . 城里在放一部新影片。T

15、he guns are f iring . 枪炮正在开火。Trumpets are sounding . 号角在吹响。A grand ceremony is preparing . 一个盛大的仪式正在准备中。Some measures are taking . 正在采取一些措施。My work is f inishing . 我的工作在完成。The house is completing . 房屋正在完工。The book is reprinting already . 这本书又在重印了。4 . 不及物动词构成的短语动词能否用于被动语态1)及物动词构成的短语动词总是及物性的, 故可以用于被动语

16、态(注意不可省掉或漏掉介词或副词) , 如win over, give up, ask for , make mention of 等。但是, 不及物动词构成的短语可以是及物性的, 也可以是不及物性的; 不及物性的短语动词不可用于被动语态, 如look up/ down, speak for 等(参阅本章下文) The fact speaks for itself . 这一事实不言自明。(正) Itself is spoken f or by the fact . (误)大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 537 二、被动语态使用要点Things are looking up . 情况看来有好转

17、。(正) Things are being looked up . (误) 2)不及物动词构成的及物性短语动词则可以用于被动语态She was much looked up to for her kindnesses . 她因多行善事而受人尊敬。That ticket has been spoken f or . 那张票有人订了。The man has always been looked upon with disapproval by his wife . 那人总被妻子以非难的态度看待。The problem has been gone into . 这个问题已经得到研究。The hous

18、e was once lived in by a monk . 这所房子曾有一个和尚住过。The ground has been sat on and the bed has been slept in . 地上有人坐过, 床上有人睡过。Note: pay attention to, take care of 等短语动词可以有两种被动语态形式。例如: The situation has been paid attention to . Attentions have been paid to the situation . The wounded are taken good care o f

19、 . Good care is taken of the wounded . The house has been made a mess of . A mess has been made of the house . 3) rain 等不及物动词, 有时也转用作及物动词(参阅第八讲) Sometimes it rains small fish . 有时候, 天上下小鱼。The meeting was rained out (off ) . 会议因雨停开了。A wheat crop has been rained out . 小麦收成被连续雨天糟蹋了。Note: 下列短语动词不用于被动语态,

20、 或在某层意思上不用于被动语态: 动词+ 介词 aim for , agree with, admit of (有. 的余地) , adjust to, come to( 涉及) , become of(结果是) , belong to, accord with, abound in 动词+ 副词get back, face out(坚持到底) , answer back(顶嘴) , have on(穿上) 动词+ 名词+ 介词 set sail for, give way to(让位于) , have a hand in (插手) , give place to 动词+ 副词+ 介词keep

21、 up with He answered his father back . (正) His father was answered back . (误) The committee consists of ten members . (正) Ten members are consisted of the committee . (误) . 但:No conclusion has been come to yet . 还没有得出任何结论。( come to 表示“达成, 得出”可用于被动语态) When it comes to politics I know nothing . 关于政治我一

22、窍不通。( come to 表示“关于, 涉及”不用于被动语态) 5 . 主动形式表示被动意义的词1)某些感官动词和系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义, 如: look , smell, taste, feel , prove, wear, sound 等The flower smells sweet . 花闻起来很香。The dish tastes delicious . 菜吃起来非常可口。538 第十讲被动语态The cloth f eels very soft . 这种布摸着很柔软。The stones have worn smooth . 石头都磨得光滑了。2)某些及物动词后加副词( 有些

23、可不加副词) 也可以表示被动意义, 如: wash, write, sell , read, open , cut , lock, peel , pack, play , shut , spot , split , strike, record, act , clean, draw, iron , keep, photo-graph 等This type of recorder sells well . 这种型号的录音机销路很好。That kind of shirt washes very well . 这种衬衫很耐洗。Ripe apples peel easily . 熟了的苹果削皮容易。T

24、he plays won.t act . 这些戏不宜上演。Nylon dries quickly . 尼龙织物干得快。It eats well . 这东西吃上去味道好。The flat lets for 60 yuan a month . 这套公寓每月租金60 元。The door won.t shut . 这门关不上。The novel reads well . 这部小说易读。The door opens with difficulty . 这个门很难开。The wood won.t burn . 这木头烧不着。He does not photograph well . 他不上照。Water

25、 heats rapidly . 水容易烧热。The meat cuts easily . 肉容易切。Her coat caught in the door . 她的上衣钩在门上了。This kind of shirt cleans easily . 这种衬衫容易洗干净。The work does not pay . 这项工作是没有报酬的。比较: The box doesn.t lock . 这个箱子锁不上。(箱子本身的性质) The box was not locked . 这个箱子没有上锁。(箱子当时的状态) The door opened . 门开了。(强调门自身开了) The door

26、 was opened . 门被打开了。(强调被人打开了) The theory proved to be correct . 那个理论证明是正确的。(含有自身“证明”的特征) The theory was proved to be cor rect . 那个理论被证明是正确的。(被人证明) 3)want , deserve, need, require, repay, stand, take, won.t bear 和worth 等词的后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义这时, 动名词同句中的主语有动宾关系, 若动名词是不及物的, 后面还应有适当的介词。例如: The book is wo

27、rth reading . 这本书值得一读。This point deserves mentioning . 这一点值得提到。The coat requires mending . 大衣需要补了。The children need looking a f ter . 孩子们需要照看。The table wants cleaning . 这张桌该擦了。The rule will take some learning . 这规则需下点功夫才能学会。That won.t bear thinking of . 那是不堪想象的。4)某些作表语的形容词后, 用不定式主动形式表示被动意义(参阅第十一讲中不定

28、式的被动语态部分) The rock is hard to break . 这块岩石很难打碎。大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 539 二、被动语态使用要点She is easy to app roach . 她平易近人。The fish is not fit to eat . He is hard to please . The passage is difficult to read . 6 . 被动语态结构和系表结构的比较“be + 过去分词”可以是被动语态结构, 也可以是系动词+ 表语结构, 其区别在于: 被动语态表示动作; 而系表结构则表示主语的特点、状态或性质。试比较: The g

29、ate to the garden was closed by a girl . 花园的门被一个女孩关上了。(被动语态强调动作) The gate to the garden was closed . 花园的门关着。(系表结构强调状态) The novel is written by a young writer . 这部小说是一位青年作家写的。(被动语态强调动作) The novel is well written . 这部小说写得好。(系表结构强调特点) The door was closed all day long . 门整天关着。(系表结构) The door was closed

30、earlier than usual . 门比平常关得早。(被动语态) The project was not completed yet . 工程尚未完工。(系表结构) Th project was completed within a year . 工程一年就完成了。(被动语态) 1)如果过去分词前有too、very、so 等程度副词修饰, 该结构常为系表结构The man was too f rightened to stand up . She was so worn out that she couldn.t move one step fur ther . I am very su

31、rprised at your words . 2)如果过去分词前后有much( too much, so much , very much)修饰, 该结构为被动语态She was discouraged too much to make another try . He was so much shocked that he couldn.t utter a word . 3) -ed被动语态, -en系表结构有些动词的过去分词有两种形式, 一般说来, 以不规则形式的分词或-ed 结尾的分词构成被动语态, 以-en 结尾的分词构成系表结构。比较: She was struck by a sn

32、ake . (被动) She was stricken with fever . (系表) Father gets shaved every other day . (被动) Father was clean shaven . (系表) 4)一般现在时的“be + 过去分词”多为系表结构一般说来, 一般现在时的“be + 过去分词”为系表结构, 因为被动语态不常用一般现在时(只有表示经常性、习惯性或多次重复的动作, 或讲述科学真理时才用一般现在时被动语态)。比较: The matter was decided at the meeting . (被动) The matter is decide

33、d . (系表) The glass was broken last night . (被动) The glass is broken . (系表) 其他如: The field is covered with snow . The building is completed . Where is the king buried ?新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书540 第十讲被动语态All the seats are occupied . 5)名词+ -ed 构成的词作谓语时为系表结构由名词加-ed 构成的词如diseased, talented, skilled 等, 以及由过去分词

34、加前缀-un 构成的词如unexpected, unwritten, unbroken 等, 虽形为过去分词, 但实为形容词。这类词出现在be 后只能是系表结构。例如: Her leaving was unexpected . The law is unwritten . His liver is diseased . He is downhearted . 6)过去分词是反身动词或表示心理、感情、从事.活动、处所等时, 为系表结构(参阅下文)He is resolved to become an ar tist . (决心) The meadow was bathed in sunlight

35、 . (bathed itself 沐浴) The way was lost in the woods . ( lost itself 消失) She is seated in an armchair . He is shaved . The t roops are stationed in the open . The school is located at the foot of the hill . Our university is situated in the suburbs . She is dressed in the white shirt . He was puz zle

36、d about it . (为.困惑) The boy was scared out of his wits . (吓得不知所措) He was charged with the task of keeping social order . ( charge himself with) 7)过去分词是表示“必然性, 趋向性, 意向, 决心”等意义的动词, 为系表结构The bus is destined for Nanjing . 本次班车开往南京。He is doomed to failure . 他注定要失败。She is quite decided about it . 她对这件事十分果

37、断。. 其他如: be set on doing sth . , be resolved to do sth . , be disposed to do sth . (愿意)等。Note: 被动语态句中可使用soon, fast , slowly, rapidly, quickly 等表示时间、速度的副词, 而系表结构则不可。例如: The girl was quickly dressed by the nurse . (被动) The girl was simply(或neatly) dressed . 那个女孩穿着很朴素。(系表) 被动语态结构不能同形容词并列使用, 而系表结构则可以。例如

38、: They were married at the church . (被动) They were married and happy . 他们已结了婚, 很幸福。(系表) 系表结构常可同副词very, quite, rather , more 等连用, 被动语态则不可。例如: The house was quite deser ted after the old couple died . (系表) He felt rather downcast and annoyed with his failure . (系表) 8) be + 不及物动词的过去分词为系表结构有些不及物动词(包括个别及

39、物动词)的过去分词说明动作产生后的结果或状态, 同be 连用为系表结构, 表示主动意义。这类动词常见的有: go, come, become, arrive, set , gather , fade, stop, do, agree, read, mistake, retire, return , flee, bear , change, advance 等。例如: Her money is all gone . 她的钱都花光了。大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 541 二、被动语态使用要点The guests are arrived . 客人们都到了。The moon is risen .

40、月亮升起来了。The sun is set . 太阳落下去了。The leaves are f allen . 树叶落了。The weeds are grown in the fields . 田里长满了野草。They are agreed on that point . 他们在那一点上意见一致。He.s prepared for the worst . 他已准备好应付最坏的情况。The enemy soldiers were f led . 敌兵逃跑了。Her attitude has been changed . He is quite mistaken . They are gather

41、ed around the desk . Note: be+ root , accustom, unite, graduate, strand( 搁浅) , tilt 等的过去分词亦属系表结构, 表示主动意义。例如: Their boat was stranded on the rock . 他们的船撞上礁石搁浅了。John was graduated from Oxford with honors in chemist ry . be + 过去分词结构表示主语的状态时, 不能带有疑问副词when、where, 也不可有明显的时间或地点状语。下面两句是错误的: She is to be ret

42、ired next month . (应改为is to retire) I don.t know when the flower was f aded . (应改为faded) 9) be + 表示占据、充满意义的过去分词+ with, 为系表结构英语中有一部分动词表示“占据, 充满, 遍及”等意义, 其过去分词常同with 连用, 以地点作主语, 构成“地点主语+ be + 过去分词+ with + 名词宾语”结构; 这种结构不是被动语态, 而是系表结构, 表示“占据, 充满”的状态或结果。常用的这类过去分词有: crowded, crammed, laden , packed, thron

43、ged, overrun, overcrowded, overgrown, dotted, infested, grown over, loaded, jammed, stuffed, piled, heaped, littered , filled, studded, marked, stained, sheeted, coated, adorned, decorated, ornamented, spotted , splashed, sprinkled, crowned 等。例如: Buses here are always crowded with passengers . 这里的公共

44、汽车总是挤满乘客。(相当于be thick with passengers) The t rees were laden with oranges . 树上结满了橘子。The mountainside was dotted with flowers . 山坡上开满了野花。The house is crowded with furniture . 屋子里挤满了家具。The floor was piled with books . 地板上堆满了书。The river bank is littered with rough stones . 河岸上到处是乱石。The sky was studded

45、with stars . 天空中布满了星星。The door was thickly coated with paint . 门上涂上了厚厚的漆。Her face is marked with smallpox . 她脸上长满了麻子。The lake is dotted with boats . 湖里星星点点到处是船。His clothes was splashed with mud . 他衣服上尽是泥。The mountain is crowned with snow all the year round . 这座山上长年覆盖着积雪。Note: thick , heavy , wet , b

46、lack 等形容词亦可同with 连用, 表示“占据, 遍及”的概念。例如: The square was black with people . 广场上黑压压的都是人。新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书542 第十讲被动语态The air is thick with dust . 空气中充满灰尘。The air was heavy with moisture . 空气湿度很大。10) remain, feel, lie, stand 等+ 过去分词, 为系表结构这种结构表示“状态”。例如: The door remained closed all day . 门整天都关着。She f e

47、lt worried . 她感到担心。The treasure has lain buried here for centuries . 财宝在这里埋了几个世纪。He stood prepared for the law-suit . 他准备着诉讼。He lies buried here . 他葬在这里。She stood accused of a crime . 她被指控有罪。I stand assured of her innocence . 我保证她无罪。He stood bewildered for a while . 他困惑了一会儿。He f elt depressed . 他感到沮

48、丧。I f eel convinced that he is t rustworthy . 我相信他是可靠的。The matter remained undecided . 这件事悬而未决。She remained unmarried all her life . 她一生未婚。The spy remained concealed ten years . 那个间谍藏匿了10 年。11) grow, become 等+ 过去分词, 为系表结构这种结构表示“转变”。例如: She grew irritated . 她变得不耐烦了。The road became blocked . 路被挡住了。She

49、 grew alarmed at his behaviour . 她为他的行为担忧。I have become acquainted with her . 我开始了解她。7 . 被动语态中的几个常用介词用法比较by( agents)表示动作的执行者或施动力; with( tools)表示用某种工具; of (materials )表示由某种原料制成(制成品可见原料) ; from( substance)表示源于某种物质(制成品不可见原料)。例如: covered by a lid 被盖子盖住covered with a lid 为盖子所盖着seized by a man 被人捉住seized

50、with a fever 发烧The article was written by Jack . (施动者) The pencil was sharpened with a kni f e . (工具) The bridge is made of stones . Wine is made f rom rice . They were driven indoors with the rain . (误) They were driven indoors by the rain . (正) (把物比拟为人) Her land is fenced by barbed wire . (误) Her

51、land is fenced ( by someone) with barbed wire . (正) The snake was killed by a big stick . (误) The snake was killed (by someone) with a big stick . (正) The room was lighted by electricity . 房间由电照明。(正) (施动力) The room was lighted with electric lights . 房间用电灯照明。(正) (工具)大学英语语法讲座与测试(第二版) 543 二、被动语态使用要点Her

52、 clothes were soiled with mud . (某种物质) The house is surrounded by trees . (把物比作人) The hall is crowded with people . (把人比作物) She was killed with a sword . ( by someone) The house was destroyed by f ire . (把物比作人) . 另外, 被动结构(系表结构)后也可视具体情况接其他介词。例如: You are wanted on the phone . He is known to everybody

53、. He is scolded for his carelessness . . 有时候, 可用of 代替by, 为一种较古的用法。例如: She was beloved of everybody . 她受到大家的爱戴。He was devoured o f a dragon . 他被一条龙吞吃了。Note: by 短语并不总是表示动作的执行者。例如: A policeman is known by the clothes he wears . 警察可以从他穿的服装认出来。( by 表示方式) He was much flattered by her asking him to dinner

54、. ( by 表示原因) The snow was piled high by the door . ( by 表示处所) 下列句子变成被动语态时, 要用with , 不用by, 因为这里指的是“某种材料”。例如: Paint covered the door . The door was covered with paint . Smoke filled the house . The house was f illed with smoke . 在do wrongs to sb ., pay attention to the question, tell sth . to sb ., de

55、al a heavy blow to sb . 等结构中, to 是不可省的, 但在被动语态中, to 则常常省去。例如: She told him the wrongs that had been done her in those years . Attention has been paid the question by the manager . No more has been told him than that . A heavy blow was dealt the enemy by our army . There were only two weeks le f t he

56、r of her holiday . . 但是在be forgiven sb . 结构中, 则不可用to。例如: The offences were forgiven her . The fault has been f orgiven him . . 在主动语态中, 这类结构中的to 有时可省, 尤其在口语中。例如: Please give it ( to) her . Please show it ( to) me . They know the lesson better than you have explained it ( to) them . 8 . 祈使句的被动语态肯定祈使句的被动语态结构为: let + 宾语+ be + 过去分词; 否定祈使句的被动结构为: Don.t let + 宾语+ be + 过去分词= Let + 宾语+ not + be+ 过去分词。例如: Let us d