科技论文写作(英文)

1、On Learning EnglishObtained from Advanced Studio Classroom, March 2004.,How can I improve my English conversation skills? The best way to improve your spoken English is to speak the language as much as you can! Try the following tips: Go for it! Say what you can, whenever you can. In other words, us

2、e what you know!,Use it or lose it! Use the new words you learn in our articles right away, or youll forget them. How? Go to our Web site (www.StudioC) for some discussion questions to get you talking about the article you just studied. Then get together with a friend and discuss your answer using o

3、nly English!,台大校长 2009.9.15,两年前向台大新鲜人提出四不：考试不作弊、作业不抄袭、上课不随意逃课、脚踏车不乱停。,中原四不,不吸烟 不喝酒 不赌博 不(到不正当处)跳舞,全人教育-天、人、物、我,鏈結產學研發之專題實作平台建構發展示意圖,研究、教學、輔導三合一,Technological English Writing (科技英语写作) September 2014,Instructor: Jyh-tong Teng (邓治东); Telephone: 10-6894-5611, Rm 1206; Office Hours: ; Office Location: Te

4、aching Assistant: Class Time: 6:308:55 Classroom:信息楼2010教室,Reference Books:,1. M.L. Waddell, R.M. Each and R.R. Walker, The Art of Styling Sentences - 20 Patterns for Success, 3rd Edition, Barrons Educational Series, Inc., 1993. (Fourth Edition, 2002) 2. Judith S. Vanalstyne, Professional and Techni

5、cal Writing: Communication in Technology and Science, Sixth Edition, Prentice-Hall International, Inc., 2004 3. Jose A. Carillo, English Plain and Simple, Second Updated Edition, Manila Time Publishing Corp., 2008.,Grading:,Class Participation 5% (One flunks the course if he or she is absent for two

6、 or more sessions) Three quizzes 20% each, Homework (including in-class writings) 35%,Goals: After the students have taken this course, they are expected to,1.Use the English punctuation correctly, 2.Use the Technical English mechanical convention correctly, 3.Know the English usage, 4.Know the typi

7、cal sentence patterns 5.Know how to write a report and a technical article,Outline,Session 1: 9月9日晚上 Introduction, thinking preferences; On Punctuation 课程简介、思考模式、 英文的标点符号用法 Write a short essay on “Why Am I Taking This Course?” Session 2: 9月10日晚上 On Mechanical Convention 英文的专业传统表述 Quiz #1 on Punctuat

8、ion,Sessions 3 and 4: 9月11日下午、 9月12日晚上On English Usage英文的用法 8月28日下午Quiz #2 on Mechanical Convention Sessions 5 and 6: 9月15日下午、9月16日晚上On Sentence Patterns 典型的英文句型 9月2日下午Quiz #3 on English Usage Session 7: 9月17日晚上 On How to Write, Revise, and Edit; On Report Writing写作、修改、编辑；报告撰写 Write a short essay on

9、 “What Have I Learned from This Course?”,Session 8: 9月18日晚上 On Technical Article Writing专业论文的写作 Technical Report Presentations by Students 学生口头报告,文章的常见错误 (Common Errors),Improvement in English is needed, and the authors should read the manuscript thoroughly and carefully to enhance the readability o

10、f it. Some of the revisions are as follows: Line 4 on p. 2: etc. etc. Line 57 on p. 3: we should to balance we should balance,15,Line 4 on p. 4: more details for more details Line 18 on p. 4: following properties the following properties Line 24 on p. 6: one use one uses Line 6 on p. 7: get followin

11、g modified scheme get the following modified scheme Line 46 on p.8: is agree with is in agreement with,16,Lines 43-45 on p. 9: throughout following subsections throughout the following subsections Line 45 on p. 9: is locate at is located at Unless the above comments are addressed, the paper in its p

12、resent form is not recommended to be published.,17,以英语撰写文章须注意事项,1.拼字精进(一般字、专有名词) 2.用词精进 3.文法精进(标点符号、惯用法、主词受词一致性、句子完整性、冠词、其它文法),18,概 述 (Summary),撰写专业英文者必须了解撰写該類文章之特定撰写方式，否则作者常因格式与方式不符或英语欠通顺而被退件 要能突破英语撰写上的障碍则在专业出版物上发表文章并非难事 一位来自越南的博班生，于了解撰写专业英语文章之特定方式，在近三年内发表21篇学术论文；而硕班陆生于半年内即发表1篇顶级学术论文,19,02182013 学用

13、落差 大学生也要负责2013-02-18 01:01中国时报【苏宜成】,隐忍了许久不说，因为这年头没有一个大学老师愿意得罪学生，但是为了避免年轻的一代继续失落下去，终究还是有人必须对大学生说实话。 因为看似越演越烈的毕业即失业以及学用落差现象，其实大学生自己必须负相当的责任。,笔者所属的教学单位经常与产业界领导人交流，做为调整教学方向与内容的参考。 我们从业界得到一致的看法是，大学生要符合产业界需求的两个基本条件，一是要具备多功能，二是要加强英文。 两点要求看似简单，但是在实际落实于教学上却窒碍难行，而且阻力完全是来自于学生本身； 要达到具备多功能，教学与学习难免就要跨领域，但是多数学生觉得跨

14、领域太难，不想修这种课程,需要加强英文，而且老师也体谅学生的英文程度，认为一时之间可能无法接受全英语教学 所以仅仅在上课的投影片采取英文，再用中文解说 但是即使连这样都会被学生抗议太难。 现在的大学生普遍存有这样的学习态度，要如何拉近学用落差、大学生如何才能不毕业即失业？,当国际间的产业竞争越来越激烈，业界取才的标准只会越来越高，大学的教学难度却在这样的生态下越来越低， 产学落差当然会越来越大，大学生毕业当然没人要。 君不见媒体总是在报导各行各业有多少职缺，但是产业却苦于找不到可用的人才，正是这种恶性循环所造成。,Session 1: Introduction, thinking prefer

15、ences, English usage,Five types of writing: 1. creative (imaginative) 2. expressive (emotional) 3. expository (explanatory) 4. persuasive (expressive + explanatory) 5. technical (factual),For the first four types of writing, the writers are saying,Heres how I feel Heres what I think Heres what I bel

16、ieve It is up to the readers to do with the information as he or she pleases.,Technical writing requires,give-and-take, a dialogue, a follow-up and/or input It links the writer and the reader. The purpose of technical writing is often determined by audience, which then affects the tone of the corres

17、pondence. Understanding the interrelationship between the purpose, audience, and tone is essential to answering the question, “Why do we write technical correspondence?”,For a status report: Purpose (document) + Audience (technical supervisor) = Tone (Objective/impersonal) For a proposal: Purpose (r

18、ecommend) + Audience (boss) = Tone (politely/unassuming),Technical writing is a significant factor of your work experience:,1. Technical writing conducts business. 2. Technical writing takes time. 3. Technical writing costs money. 4. Technical writing is an extension of your interpersonal communicat

19、ion skills.,The Writing Process,1. Prewriting (25%) Determine objective; Gather data; Recognize audience 2. Writing (25%) Organize (spatial, chronological, importance, comparison/contrast, problem/solution) Format (for ease of access),3. Rewriting (50%) Revise (45%): Add (for clarity); Delete (for c

20、onciseness); Simplify (for easier understanding); Move (to ensure that the most important ideas are emphasized); Reformat (using highlighting to ensure reader-friendly ease of access); Enhance (for the tone and style of text); Correct (to ensure accurate grammar and content),Proofread (5%) Writing w

21、ith a computer,Objective in Technical Writing,1. Clarity by supplying specific, quantified information to avoid vague, abstract adjectives or adverbs 2. Conciseness helps reduce reading and revising others writing, aids comprehension, and makes your writing more appealing to your readers (1) limit p

22、aragraph length (2) limit word and sentence length (Fog Index),(3) use the meat cleaver theory of revision (have less to swallow whole and can understand more easily) (4) Avoid shun words (5) Avoid camouflaged pattern (6) Avoid the expletive pattern (7) Omit redundancies (8) Avoid wordy phrases,3. A

23、ccuracy grammatical and textual,Proofread your text is necessary Errors make the writer look incompetent! To avoid these: (1) Let someone else read it (2) Use the gestation approach (3) Read backwards (4) Read one line at a time (5) Read long words syllable by syllable,(6) Use technology (7) Check f

24、igures, scientific and technical evaluations, and abbreviations (8) Read it out loud (9) Try scattershot proofing (10) Use a dictionary,4. Organization,Five patterns of organization to help clarify content: Spatial Chronology Importance Comparison/Contrast Problem/solution,5. Ethics,What do you do w

25、hen you confronted with ethical dilemmas? Check your actions against three concerns: (1) Legal: focus on liability, negligence, and consumer protection laws (2) Practical: since dishonesty technical writing backfires and can cause the company to lose sales or to suffer legal expenses,(3) Ethical: wr

26、itten to promote customer welfare and avoid deceiving the end user - Use language and visuals with precision - Prefer simple, direct expression of ideas - Satisfy the audiences need for information, not my own need for self-expression.,The four-quadrant Herrmann model of thinking preference (p. 1-5)

27、 Worksheet (pp. 1-6, 1-8) 脑的学习过程(p. 1-7),整体而言，企业在招募社会新鲜人时，首重的前三大能力是什么？,学习意愿和可塑性，决定企业录用你 Cheers (2011.5.25),整体而言，企业在招募社会新鲜人时，首重的前三大能力是什么？调查结果依序是 学习意愿强与可塑性高（67%）， 次为具有解决问题的能力（48%）与 专业知识与技术（34%）。,企业认为大学毕业生最待加强的能力为何？,企业认为大学毕业生最待加强的能力为何？,千大企业认为大学毕业生 最缺乏稳定度与抗压性（67%）， 其次是具有解决问题的能力（48%）与 专业知识与技术（34%）,这表示，许多

28、刚从学校毕业的新鲜人，还停留在习惯被教导的心态，认为企业老鸟有教导新人的义务与责任，殊不知现在竞争加剧，主管根本没空当保母！因此， 新鲜人之所以被诟病抗压性或稳定度低，源头不见得是能力问题，而是对职场现实的理解度太低所致。此次调查中，也有 将近92%的企业人资主管以用人经验指出，毕业后5年的职场历练，将是决定一个人未来职涯走向杰出或平庸的关键，社会新鲜人应该及早累积足够的能力与历练，才能不败于未来激烈的竞争,人生中一般有9种需求(Napoleon Hills Great Book of Success),人生中一般有9种需求(Napoleon Hills Great Book of Succe

29、ss),1. 对爱的需求 2.对性的需求 3. 对物的需求 4. 对自我维护的需求 5. 对身心自由的需求 6. 对自我表现的需求 7. 对永恒生命的需求 8. 生气与复仇 9. 恐惧,Punctuation (Summarized from Professional and Technical Writing Strategies by Judith S. VanAlstyne, 6th Edition, Prentice-Hall International, Inc., 2004),1. Apostrophe(撇号) -for possessive case of noun Jack a

30、nd Bobs office Bills or Jacks car Her brother-in-laws medical practice is well received in this area. -for the possessive case of indefinite pronouns: anothers tool;ones customers,Note: Do not use an apostrophe for possessive case of a personal pronouns his schedule Ours is the best model. Its handl

31、e was made of wood. -for the omission of letters in contractions Im oclockcant Do not confuse theyre with their or there. Do not confuse its with its.,-for the plural of letters, numbers, symbols, cited words Your rs look like your ns.You use too many ands. Your 7s look like your ls.the 2000s (2000s

32、),-for a quotation to add clarifying words that are not in the original Dr. Chen stated, “Try it Oil of Oley, you will like it.” -for enclosing the Latin word sic (“so,” “thus”) which indicates that a misspelling, grammatical error, or wrong word was in the original He wrote, “Your sic selected to h

33、ead the committee.”,2. Brackets(方括号、方括号),3. Colon (冒号),-for a formal salutation Dear Mr. Wang:Gentlemen: -for introducing a phrase or clause which explains or reinforces a proceeding sentence or clause The position sounds attractive: high salary, moderate amount of work, and close to home.,-for a cl

34、ause which contains an anticipatory expression (the following, as follows, thus, these) and directs attention to a series of explanatory words, phrases, or clauses. The requirements for the masters degree are as follows: 1.twenty-four units of class work, 2.a master thesis, and 3.no more than four y

35、ears of study.,-for expression ratios, for separating hours and minutes, and for indicating other relationships 5:1 signal:noiseA:B10:20 P.M. Acts 14:7 12:50-55 (Vol. 12, pp. 50-55) -for the main title and subtitle of a book The Writers Work: A Guide to Effective Composition,-for compound and compou

36、nd- complex sentences a.for separating independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction The cursor shows where you are typing, and it moves across the screen as you type. b.after an introductory dependent clause If you have a two-drive computer system, you place your program diskette in driv

37、e A.,4. Comma(逗号),c.after a conjunctive adverb introducing a coordinate clause The system is easy to use; however, we suggest that you read the directions carefully. -for separating a nonrestrictive word, phrase, or clause from the rest of the sentence You should, however, make copies of your origin

38、al diskette for safekeeping. The cursor, which is a blinking square, shows where the entry will appear on the screen.,-for separating items in a series These instructions will teach you how to create, edit, or proof a file. Note: The comma is often omitted in company names: Jones, Smith and Woods -f

39、or separating a series of adjectives or adverbs not connected by a conjunction The computer blinked haphazardly, noisily. -in a date to separate the day and year October 8, 2000; the December 1, 2000, deadline,Note: Do not use a comma in the military or British form: 8 April 2000 -for separating cit

40、y and state, state and county, county and state Fort Lauderdale, Brownard County, Florida, has twenty-seven electronic firms. -for separating titles from names and for setting off appositives Peter Wang, M.D., Ph.D. Joseph Cheng, attorney-at-law Hank Lin, Jr.,-for grouping numbers into units of thre

41、e in separating thousands, millions, and so forth: 7,890 85,386 8,476,235 -for salutation of an informal letter or complimentary close of most letter:Dear Joseph, Sincerely yours,Cordially, for separating corporation abbreviations for company names Ace Company, Inc. Trolleys, Ltd.,for expressions th

42、at introduce direct quotations President Lee said, “We must fight back the diplomatic blockage set up by the Communist China.” 5. Dash(破折号) -for setting off emphatic and abrupt parenthetical expressions The idea of this program it has been tested thoroughly is to simplify spelling correction. -for m

43、arking sharp turns in thought He was an arrogant man with little to be arrogant about.,-for separating nonrestrictive material which contains commas from the rest of the sentence These manuals Guide to Operations, Disk Operating Systems, Word Proof, and so on are protected by copyright. 6. Ellipsis

44、(three spaced periods) (省略号) -for indicating any omission in quoted material Martin stressed, “The technical writer must master punctuation.” (The words as well as professional writer have been omitted.) -for indicating the ellipsis (four periods) at the end of a sentence The consultant stressed, “W

45、rite carefully .” (The words and edit endlessly have been omitted.),7. Exclamation Period (惊叹号) -at he end for an exclamatory sentence to show emotion or force Shred the files! We will not file bankruptcy! -at the end for an exclamatory phrase What a disaster! (驚嘆號),8. Parentheses (圆括号、圆括号) -for enc

46、losing an abruptly introduced qualification or definition within a sentence You may place your program diskette in drive A and your storage diskette (the one with your file on it) in drive B. -for enclosing a cross-reference within a sentence The ellipsis (see Section 6) is used in direct quotations

47、.,-for enclosing figures or letters to enumerate points To use this program (a) insert your DOS diskette in drive A, (b) turn on your computer, (c) type in the date, and (d) press the Enter key.,9. Period (句号) -for signaling the end of declarative imperative sentences Diskettes are sensitive to extr

48、emes of temperature. Do not try to clean diskettes. -for certain abbreviations (see Mechanical Conventions, for exceptions) Dr. Jr. Nov.A.M. (a.m.) Mr.Ph.D. etc.J.F. Kennedy -for fractions expressing as decimals, between whole numbers and decimals, and between dollars and cents .01 $3.50 3.6$0.35 (o

49、r 35 c),-for an outline I. Analysis I.1 Assumptions I.2 Theoretical Development I.2.1 Conservation Laws I.2.2 Constitutive Equations I.3 Perturbation Method,10. Question Mark (问号) at the end for an interrogative question Do you own a personal computer? Note: Do not use one after an indirect question

50、. He asked me if I owned a personal computer. -in parentheses for indicating there is a question about certainty or accuracy This is the best (?) computer.,11. Quotation Marks (Q.M.s) (引号、双引号) -for setting off direct speech and material quoted from other sources Dr. Jack Chen writes, “Before . ” “Mo

51、st doctors,” he points out, “forbade to the refrigerators.” -for indicating nonstandard terms, ironic terms, and slang words This is a “gimmick.” His “problem” was his genius I.Q. He “got his act together.”,-for indicating titles of articles, essays, short stories, chapters, short poems, songs, tele

52、vision and radio programs, and speeches Notes: 1.Do not use quotation marks around quoted material which requires more than four lines in your paper. Display a long quote by indenting it ten spaces from your regular margins and omitting the Q.M.s,2. Commas and periods are always placed inside the closing Q.M. 3. Semicolons and colons are placed outside the closing Q.M. 4. Q.M.s exclamation points, and dashes ar