化工专业英语-Unit 1.ppt

1、Part 1 Chemical process industry Unit 1Chemical industry,By Zhao Ya-qi Department of Chemical Engineering,Guiding questions,When did the modern chemical industry start ? Can you give a definition for the chemical industry ? What are the contributions which the chemical industry had made to meet and

2、satisfy our needs? Is the chemical industry capital- or labor-intensive? Why?,Words and expressions,Alkali n 碱(性质), 强碱 Bleaching n 漂白 a漂白的 Silica n 二氧化硅，硅石 Sodium n 钠, Na Carbonate n碳酸盐，碳酸脂 vt碳化，使化合成碳酸盐(脂) Inorganic a无机的，无机物的 Dyestuffn 染料，颜料， a染色剂 Mauve n 苯胺紫染料) a 紫红色的，谈紫色的 Sulphurica含)硫的 Ammonian 氨

3、（水）,Standin good stead 对很有用（帮助） Ammonium铵（基） Fertilizer化肥，肥料 Nitric含氮的，硝酸根的 The lions share较大/最大部分 Petrochemical石油化学品（的） Polymer聚合物，高聚物 Polyethylene聚乙烯 Polypropylene聚丙烯 Nylon尼龙，耐纶，酰胺纤维 Polyester聚酯 Epoxy环氨树脂 Resin树脂；用树脂处理,1. Origins of chemical industries,Although the use of chemicals dates back to a

4、ncient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the industrial revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals for use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soap making, bleach

5、ing powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals.,追溯到,进展，发展，演变，进化,可以认为,工业革命,碱,肥皂制造（业）,漂白粉,硅石，硅酸，硅土,碳酸钠,玻璃制造（业）,要注意的是，值得一提的是,无机的，无机物的,化学品,The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with exploitation of William Hen

6、ry Perkins discovery of the first synthetic dyestuffmauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This

7、 was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia.,有机化学工业,开发，开采，剥削，利用,Cover,n, v 盖；discover,发现；discovery, n 发现,合成染料苯胺紫,赢得，还清,大方地, 慷慨地,应用方面,Result in, 导致（后面是结果）；result from, 源于（后面是原因）,together with, as we

8、ll as, and also,接触法工艺,硫酸的，硫的,氨，氨水,The latter required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for

9、 nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosive manufacture) with the outbreak of World War I in 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).,突破,进行，实施,反应,使处于有利地位，,快速增长的需要,氮,铵盐,肥料,硝酸,炸药，爆炸物,生产,爆发,引起，激发,意义深远的，,Sin

10、ce 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate, although this has slowed significantly in recent years. The lions share of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950. the explosive growth in petrochemical

11、s in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand for synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxy resins.,意味深长地,最大份额,石油化学品,mainly,极大的，巨大的,聚合物,聚乙烯,聚丙烯,尼龙,聚酯,环氧树脂,The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing ind

12、ustry, within which it plays a central role. It makes thousands of different chemicals which the general public only usually encounters as end or consumer products. These products are purchased because they have the required properties which make them suitable for some particular application, e.g. a

13、 non-stick coating for pans or a weed killer. Thus chemicals are ultimately sold for the effects that they produce.,变化多的 门类多的,制造业,遇到,终端产品或消费品,购买,性质，品质,不粘涂料,finally,2. definition of chemical industry,Dilemma两难境地，困境 Emulsion乳化（状）液，乳胶，乳剂 Poly-多、聚、复的前缀 Poly多，聚 Vinyl 乙烯基，乙烯基树脂 Chloride氯化物，氯代物，漂白剂,Acetate

14、醋酸盐（根，酯），醋酸纤维素 Polymerization聚合（反应，作用） Formulation配方，组成，公式化，列方程 Ingredient成份，组分,Words and expressions,At the turn of the century there would have been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufactured and these were clea

15、rly chemicals, e.g., alkali, sulphuric acid. At present, however, many thousands of chemicals are produced from raw materials like crude oil through (in some cases) many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer goods, or readily converted into them. The difficulty comes in de

16、ciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industrys sphere of activities.,在世纪未或世纪初,定义,组成，构成,生产,碱,硫酸,原材料,石油,中间体,生活消费品,容易地,转换成,=Result from,不再是,To consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma, emulsion paints may contain poly (vinyl chl

17、oride) / poly (vinyl acetate). Clearly, syntheses of vinyl chloride (or acetate) and its polymerization are chemical activities. However, if formulation and mixing of the paint, including the polymer, is carried out by a branch of the multinational chemical company which manufactured the ingredients

18、, is this still part of the chemical industry or does it now belong in the decorating industry?,举例说明,两难困境,乳化(状)液,油漆,聚氯乙烯,聚醋酸乙烯,合成,氯乙烯,醋酸盐,聚合,配制,混合,进行,多(跨国)的,成分，组分,装饰的,3. The need for chemical industry,Pharmaceutical医药的，制药的；药物，药剂 Paramounta最高的，高过，优于（to） In ones turn值班，替代，依次 Phosphorus 磷，磷的 Potassium钾

19、 Pesticide杀虫剂 Pest害虫，灾害 Veterinary兽医，兽医的 Livestock家畜 Bacterial细菌的 Antibiotic抗生素，抗生的， Terylene 涤纶，聚酯纤维，的确良 Polyamide 聚酰胺，尼龙 Crease折缝，绉痕 Drip-dryvi易快速干，晾干自挺,Spectrum光，光谱 Garment衣服 Urea尿素，脲 Formaldehyde甲醛 Urea-formaldehyde resin脲醛树脂 Polyurethane聚胺酯 Athletic运动的，体育的，运动员的 Racquet=racket球拍 Additive添加剂，添加的

20、Antioxidant抗氧化剂抗老化剂， Viscosity粘度， Grease脂肪，润滑脂 Dashboard车的挡泥板，仪表板 Hue 色彩，色调,Words and expressions,The chemical industry is concerned with converting raw materials, such as crude oil, firstly into chemical intermediates, and then into a tremendous variety of other chemicals. These are then used to pr

21、oduce consumer products, which make our lives more comfortable or, in some cases such as pharmaceutical products, help to maintain our well-being or even life itself. At each stage of these operations value is added to the product and this provided added value exceeds the raw material plus processin

22、g costs then a profit will be made on the operation. It is the aim of chemical industry to achieve this.,参于，关于，干涉,化学中间体,巨大的，极多有,种类,医药的,健康，安康,超过,加工成本,利润,It may seem strange in textbook like this one to pose the question “do we need a chemical industry?” however, trying to answer this question will pr

23、ovide (1) an indication of the range of the chemical industrys activities, (2) its influence on our lives in everyday terms, and (3) how great is societys need for a chemical industry. Our approach in answering the question will be to consider the industrys contribution to meeting and satisfying our

24、 major needs. What are these? Clearly food (and drink) and health are paramount. Other which we shall consider in their turn are clothing and (briefly) shelter, leisure and transport.,提出,极为重要的,依次,指出，指明,化学工业活动的范畴,影响,途径,(1) Food. The chemical industry makes a major contribution to food production in a

25、t least three ways. Firstly, by making available large quantities of artificial fertilizers which are used to replace the elements (mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) which are removed as nutrients by the growing crops during modern intensive farming. Secondly, by manufacturing crop protecti

26、on chemicals, i.e., pesticides, which markedly reduce the proportion of the crops consumed by pests. Thirdly, by producing veterinary products which protect livestock from disease or cure their infections.,对做贡献,至少有三个途径,量，数量,人造肥料,代替，取代,氮磷钾,营养素,杀虫剂,兽医的,牲畜,疾病,传染病,(2) Health. We are all aware of the maj

27、or contribution which the pharmaceutical sector of the industry had made to help keep us all healthy, e.g. by curing bacterial infections with antibiotics and ever extending life itself, e.g. -blockers to lower blood pressure. (3) Clothing. The improvement in properties of modern synthetic fibers ov

28、er the traditional clothing, materials (e.g. cotton and wool) has been quite remarkable. Thus shirts, dresses and suits made from polyesters like Terylene and polyamides like nylon are crease-resistant, machine-washable, and drip-dry or non-iron. They are also cheaper than natural materials.,知道,医药的，

29、制药的,细菌传染病,抗生素,治愈,拮抗剂，阻滞剂,改进,合成纤维,显著,聚酯纤维,涤纶,聚酰胺,尼龙,抗绉的,可机洗的,快干,免烫的,Parallel developments in the discovery of modern synthetic dyes and the technology to “bond” them to the fiber have resulted in a tremendous increase in the variety of colors available to the fashion designer. Indeed they now span al

30、most every color and hue of the visible spectrum. Indeed if a suitable shade is not available, structural modification of an existing dye to achieve this can readily be carried out, provided there is a satisfactory market for the product. Other major advances in this sphere have been in color-fastne

31、ss, i.e., resistance to the dye being washed out when the garment is cleaned.,平行的，相并提的，类似的,把它们与纤维联在一起的,时装设计师,可见光谱,结构修饰,阴影，色调,抗生素,固色剂,阻止,衣服,(4) Shelter, leisure and transport. In terms of shelter the contribution of modern synthetic polymers has been substantial. Plastics are tending to replace tradi

32、tional building materials like wood because they are lighter, maintenance-free (i.e. they are resistant to weathering and do not need painting). Other polymers, e.g. urea-formaldehyde and polyurethanes, are important insulating materials for reducing heat losses and hence reducing energy usage. Plas

33、tics and polymers have made a considerable impact on leisure activities with applications ranging from all-weather artificial surfaces for athletic tracks to footballs made entirely from synthetic materials.,居所休闲运输,实在的，坚固的,塑料,趋向于,替代,免于维护的,对有抵抗作用的,风化,尿素甲醛,聚氨酯,绝缘材料，绝热材料,能耗,对产生影响,范围,全天候的,人造的,田径跑道，运动跑道,

34、合成材料,Likewise the chemical industrys contribution to transport over the years has led to major improvements. Thus development of improved additives like anti-oxidants and viscosity index improvers for engine oil has enabled routine servicing intervals to increase from 3000 to 6000 to 12000 miles. Re

35、search and development work had also resulted in improved lubricating oils and greases, and better brake fluids. Yet again the contribution of polymers and plastics has been very striking with the proportion of the total automobile derived from these materialsdashboard, steering wheel, seat padding

36、and covering, etc.now exceeding 40%.,同样地,原形lead to,添加剂，助剂,抗氧剂,粘度指数,机械润滑油,使能够,路程维修间隔,润滑油,油脂,制动液,润滑油,比例,由而来,挡泥板，仪表板,方向盘,垫,套,So it is quite apparent even from a brief look at the chemical industrys contribution to meeting our major needs that life in the world would be very different without the produc

37、ts of the industry. Indeed the level of a countrys development may be judged by the production level and sophistication of its chemical industry.,很明白,用来判定,生产水平,成熟,4. Research and development (R&D) in chemical industries,Overhead塔顶馏出物，企业的一般管理费 Recession经济萧条，衰退 Fine chemical精细化学品(的),One of the main re

38、asons for the rapid growth of the chemical industry in the developed world has been its great commitment to, and investment in research and development. A typical figure is 5% of sales income, with this figure being almost doubled for the most research intensive sector, like pharmaceuticals. It is i

39、mportant to emphasize that we are quoting percentages here not of profits but of sales income, i.e. the total money received, which has to pay for raw materials, overheads, staff salaries, etc., as well. In the past this tremendous investment had paid off well, leading to many useful and valuable products being introduced to the market.,在发达国家,投入，承诺,投资,销售收入,研究密集型部门,医药,强调,引用,给付,企业管理费用,员工,回报,Examples include synthetic polymers like nylons and polyesters, and drugs and pesticides. Althoug