语言学第四章

1、Chapter 4,By: J.W.,1.What is syntax?,Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences. Sentence: A set of words expressing a statement, a question or an order, usually containing a subject and a verb.(-X-ford),2.What is phrase stucture rule?,The special

2、 type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase stucture rule. The phrase stucture rule for NP ,VP, AP, and pp. NP (Det) N (PP) the pretty girl VP (Qual) V (NP) often dream a dream AP (Deg) A (PP) very careful about you PP (Deg) P (P

3、P) in the middle of the river,3.What is category?How to determine a words category?,Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. Word level categories are divided into two kinds: major

4、 lexical categories: Noun, verb, Adjective.Prepositon. minor lexical categories:Determiner. Degreee words. Qualifier.Auxiliary.Conjunction. To determine a words category, three criteria are usually employed, namely, meaning, inflection and distribution.,4.What is coordinate structure and what proper

5、ties does it have?,Some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and or or. Such phrasesare called coordinate structures. Coordination exhibitsthe followfor important properties: There is no limit on the number of coordinated categ

6、ories that can appear prior to the conjunction. A category at any levelcan be ccoordinated. Coordinated categories must be of the same type. The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.,5.What elements does a phrase contain and what ro

7、le does each element play?,Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases. A phrase can contain specifiers, head, complements and Modifiers. Specifiers :The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as specifiers. Head: The word around which a phrase

8、is formed is termed head. Complement:The words on the right side of the heads are complements. Modifiers, which specifies optionally expressible properties of head.,xp (spec)(Mod) X (Complement*)(Mod) The Expanded XP rule,6.What is deep structure and what is surface structure?,Formed by the XP rule

9、in accordance with the heads subcategorization properties, is called deep structure(or D-structure). Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which resultsfrom appreopriate transformations is called surface structure(or S-structure).,7.Indicatte the category of each word in the foll

10、owing sentences.,The old lady got off the bus carefully. The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank. The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools. This cloth feels quite soft.,Det. Adj. N. V. P Det. N. Adv.,Det. N. Adv. V. P Det. Adj. N.,Det. Adj. N. Aux V. P Adj P Det N.,Det. N.

11、V. Deg Adj.,8.The following phrases include a head, a complement, and in some cases a specifier .Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.,a) rich in minerals. b) often read detective stories. c) the argument against the proposals d) already above the window.,a) rich in minerals.,V P N,PP

12、,VP,rich in minerals,complement,head,xp (Specifier)X(complement),b) often read detective stories.,Deg. V. Adj N.,VP,NP,xp (Specifier) X (complement),b) often read detective stories.,head,c) the argument against the proposals,Det N V Det N,NP,NP,VP,c) the argument against the proposals,xp (Specifier)

13、 X (complement),head,d) already above the window.,A P Det N,NP,PP,d) already above the window.,xp (Specifier) X (complement),head,9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.,A crippled passenger land

14、ed the airplane with extreme caution. A huge moon hung in the black sky. The man examined his car carefully yesterday. Awooden hut near the lake callapsed in the storm,A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.,Det. Adj N V Det N p Adj. N,NP,NP,NP,PP,VP,S,Mod,Mod,NP,VP,CP,C,Infl,

15、Pst,A huge moon hung in the black sky.,Det Adj N V P Det Adj N,Mod,Mod,NP,PP,NP,VP,S,Infl,NonPst,CP,C,The man examined his car carefully yesterday.,Det N V Det N Adv Adv,NP,NP,VP,VP,S,Infl,Pst,Mod,Mod,A wooden hut near the lake callapsed in the storm,Det Adj N P Det N V P Det N,NP,PP,VP,NP,NP,PP,NP,

16、S,Infl,Pst,Mod,10.The following sentences all contain conjined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.,Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. Helen put on her clothes and went out. Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.,N Infl V Det Adj N P N,Jim has washed the

17、dirty shirts and pants.,PP,NP,VP,NP,S,CP,C,N V P Det N C V Adv,b)Helen put on her clothes and went out.,NP,PP,VP,NP,S,VP,CP,C,NP,N,S,CP,Infl,Pst,Infl,NonPst,N Infl V P N C V P N,c)Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.,NP,NP,VP,S,VP,PN,S,cp,Infl,Pst,cp,C,11.The following sentences all c

18、ontain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.,You know that I hate war. Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam. Chris was happy that his father bought him a Roll- Royce. The children

19、 argued over whether bats had wings.,N V C N V N,You know that I hate war.,VP,NP,NP,VP,S,NP,VP,CP,S,CP,C,Infl,Infl,NonPst,NonPst,N V Det N C N V Det Adj N,Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.,NP,VP,NP,S,CP,NP,NP,VP,S,CP,C,Infl,Infl,NonPst,Pst,N v Adj C Det N V N Det N,Chris wa

20、s happy that his father bought him a Roll- Royce.,NP,NP,VP,NP,S,VP,VP,S,CP,CP,C,Pst,Infl,Infl,Pst,Det N V P C N V N,The children argued over whether bats had wings.,NP,VP,S,VP,NP,S,CP,CP,C,Infl,Pst,Infl,Pst,PP,12.Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and

21、 the surface structre for each of these sentences.,The essay that he wrote was excellent Herbert bought a house that she loved The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.,Det N C Det V V Adj.,The essay that he wrote was excellent,VP,NP,S,NP,S,CP,CP,C,VP,N V Det N N N V,Herbert bought a house that she loved,NP,VP,NP,VP,S,NP,VP,NP,N,e,S,CP,C,NP,CP,C,Infl,Pst,Infl,P