英语写作基础教程(chapter 3)01

1、Chapter 3Developing Paragraphs (021009b),An effective paragraph Planning a paragraph Development by time Development by process Development by space (Go to Ex.),An effective paragraph,3 features of an effective paragraph: A paragraph should have one, and only one, central idea. The main idea is gene

2、rally expressed in the topic sentence. Close connection between the sentences is observed. #,Planning a paragraph,A topic sentence is generally expected, which is written in complete sentence. Details or examples are needed to support the main idea. An outline is worked out (before writing) to put t

3、he details in good order. #,An example of an effective paragraph,The Irish countryside is very beautiful. There is a popular Irish song which says that there are 100 different shades of green in the Irish landscape, and this is no exaggeration. Thanks to generous rainfall, much of the countryside is

4、 covered in rich green vegetation, which is why Ireland is also known as the Emerald Isle. It also has varied landscape with dramatic mountains, rocky coastlines and rolling hills. (ways of developing paragraphs),Development by Time,In telling a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest

5、 way is to describe things in order of time; earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first thing first and the last thing last. This method is also called chronological sequencing.,Example: In the old days, train travel was not much fun. Back in the 1830s, passenger coaches on western

6、and southern roads looked like cabins on wheels. Until late in the 1840s, passengers who wanted heat bought heated bricks from boys at the stations. There were no sleeping cars, either, until 1859, when George R. Pullman remodeled two day coaches into sleeping cars, to run from Chicago to Bloomingto

7、n, Illinois. They were lighted by candles and heated by wood-burning stoves. Passengers near the stoves were too hot, and those far away were too cold. Even years later, after trains had better heating systems, passengers were often most uncomfortable. Open windows let in showers of soot and cinders

8、; and closed windows meant stifling temperatures. Travelers reached their destinations in those days sooty, jostled, and travel-worn. #,Development by Process,When you have to explain how something is done, you usually follow a chronological sequence and give a step-by-step description. As the steps

9、 must occur one after another, the exact order in which they are carried out is most important. In giving instructions, imperative sentences and sentences with the indefinite pronoun you as the subject are often used. The present tense should be used if the instructions are still applicable.,(exampl

10、e) Development by Process Once you encounter a person who has stopped breathing, you should begin immediately to do mouth-to-mouth breathing. First, place the victim on his back and remove any foreign matter from his mouth with your fingers. Then tilt his head backwards, so that his chin is pointing

11、 up. Next, pull his mouth open and his jaw forward, pinch his nostrils shut to prevent the air which you blow into his mouth from escaping through his nose. Then, place your mouth tightly over the victims. Blow into his mouth until you see his chest rise. Then turn your head to the side and listen f

12、or the outrush of air which indicates an air exchange. Repeat the process. # .,Development by Space,Before we begin to describe a place, whether it is a large country or a small room, we have to decide on the order in which to name the different parts or details. For this we should find out the spac

13、e relationships between them and arrange our description accordingly.,(example) Development by Space Mr. Cook, a renowned American historian, arranges the books on his bookshelves in a unique way. In the upper right hand corner, there are books about the development of the early colonies in New Engl

14、and and the War of Independence. Right under them can be found books on the slave trade, the plantation system and growth of the southern states. The left side of the shelf contains hundreds of books concerning subjects of the Westward Movement, Indian culture, and cowboys contributions to American society and the Gold Rush in California. From the description above, one can see that Mr. Cook regards his bookshelves as a map of the U.S. and arranges his history books accordingly. It is odd, b