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1、,Deodorization and Physical Refining 脱臭及物理精炼,AOCS Practical Short Course On Edible Oil Refining and Processing 美国油脂化学家协会食用油精炼及处理技术概要 May 8 - 9, 2004, Cincinnati 2004年5月8-9日,美国辛辛那提 Ken Carlson, Manager, Oil Processing 肯卡尔森先生,油脂加工部经理 Crown Iron Works Company 皇冠钢铁工程公司 Minneapolis, Minnesota 美国明尼苏达州明尼阿波

2、利斯市,1,Physical Refining 什么叫物理精炼,Physical (Steam) Refining: Degumming, bleaching and deodorizing; 物理精炼(蒸汽精炼) :脱胶、脱色及脱臭; Chemical (Caustic) Refining: Neutralizing, bleaching and deodorizing 化学精炼(碱炼):中和、脱色及脱臭; Difference: Bulk of free fatty acids (FFA) removed in deodorizing by evaporation (distillatio

3、n) instead of in neutralizing by saponification and separation; 区别:在物理精炼中,游离脂肪酸(FFA)在脱臭过程中被蒸发(蒸馏)掉,而在碱炼中,则通过酸碱中和、皂化及分离方式被去除; Removal of FFA in deodorizing also referred to as stripping or deacidification; 在脱臭过程中去除FFA的工艺也被称为“脂肪酸汽提” 或“脱酸”;,2,Physical Refining 物理精炼的优缺点,Pros 优点 Reduces refining losses f

4、or oils with over 1% FFA 如果脂肪酸含量在1%以上时,可降低炼耗; Reduces effluents (no acid water or wash water) 减少排放物(没有水洗水排放); Reduces equipment cost,降低设备投资;(no centrifuge for oils with less than 0.3% gums) 如胶质含量低于0.3%,则无需使用离心机; Cons 缺点 Lower quality of finished oil (less forgiving) 成品油质量有所降低(工艺操作更加敏感); Lower concen

5、tration of tocopherol in distillate 蒸馏物中Ve含量降低;,3,Objectives of Deodorization 脱臭的目的,Reduction of: 降低以下物质的含量:,Odoriferous (smelly) materials 产生嗅觉味道的物质: - Aldehydes Leakage into system: 0.5 - 3 kg/ton 系统漏气:每吨油0.5 - 3 公斤; Critical issue for packed column type designs 对填料式脱臭塔而言,漏气问题尤其关键; Seal weld as ma

6、ny connections as possible 连接部件最好焊接; Guard against air in stripping steam and N2 注意:汽提蒸汽及氮气中可能含有空气;,11,Aspects of Heating under Vacuum 有关真空状态下加热脱色油的问题,Pros - 优点: Maintains temperature as FFAs evaporate (1% FFA drops temperature about 1.3 C); 经过真空加热后的油进入脱臭塔后,油温降低幅度减小(挥发1%的脂肪酸会使油温降低1.3度); Eliminates n

7、eed to design oil inlet for flashing 无需在脱臭塔中安装防止进油飞溅的装置; Provides additional retention time 可增加额外的滞留时间; Helps guard against fouling 可减缓结垢现象; Cons 缺点: Increases equipment cost:增加设备造价; Increases space requirements:增加额外空间;,12,Aspects of Cooling under Vacuum 有关真空冷却的问题,Pros 优点: Insures optimum flavor for

8、 liquid oils 可使液态油具有最佳风味; Provides additional retention time:增加滞留时间; Cons 缺点: Increases energy consumption:增加能耗; Increases equipment cost:设备造价升高; Increases space requirements:需额外空间;,13,Optimizing Heat Recovery 热量回收问题,Max input (200 - 260 C) = 130,000 kCal/ton 加热所需热量 (200 260度)= 130,000 大卡/吨油; System

9、 radiation/evaporation loss: 5 - 15 C (varies with design; PC, double/single shell etc.) 系统热量挥发损耗/挥发物质挥发带走的热量:5 15度(不同种类脱臭塔(填料式、单壳层/双壳层,等等)损耗不同; Resulting driving temperature: 245 - 255 C; 最终脱臭温度:245 255度; Plate type Economizer (10 C loss, dT 20 C): Input = :18,600 kCal/ton = 85 % heat recovery; 板式节

10、能器 (10度温度损失,温差20度):所需额外热能 = 18,600 大卡/每吨油 = 热回收效率为85%; Vacuum Economizer (12 C loss, dT 45 C): Input = 34,700 kCal/ton = 73% heat recovery 真空节能器 (12度温度损失,温差45度):所需额外热能 = 34,700 大卡/每吨油 = 热回收效率为73%; Double Thermosyphon (10 C loss, dT 60 C): Input = 42,200 kCal/ton = 67% heat recovery 塔内热虹吸式换热装置 (10度温度

11、损失,温差60度):所需额外热能 = 42,200 大卡/每吨油 = 热回收效率为67%;,14,Managing Trans Fatty Acids 反式酸问题,Max 1% allowed in certain markets 在某些市场,反式酸含量不能超过1%; Natural amount as high as 0.5% 未经处理的油中反式酸含量可达0.5%; Trans created by thermal rearrangement “热重组效应”产生反式酸; Amount increases with temperature and time 随着温度的升高及处理时间的延长,反式

12、酸含量升高; “Safe” at below 230 C and max 1 hour retention 脱臭温度最好低于230度,滞留时间不能超过一个小时; When higher temperatures required, strip at high temperature in thin film device (packed column) and heat bleach at reduced temperature. 如需高温脱臭,则需用薄膜式塔(如填料塔),并减少热脱色时间;,15,Nitrogen and Oil Quality 充氮与油的质量,Always protect

13、unsaturated oils from air 避免不饱和油与空气接触; Blanket finished oil with N2 in stainless tanks 成品油应置于不锈钢罐中,并用氮气阻隔其与空气的接触; Inject N2 directly into deodorized oil (mixer) 可在已经脱臭的成品油中直接加入氮气,并用混合器混合; Sparge with high grade N2 during final cooling and, in some cases, final stage of heat bleaching 在最终冷却段中喷入高纯度氮气,

14、或在某些情况下,在最终热脱色段喷入高纯度氮气;,16,Batch versus Continuous 间歇式脱臭与连续脱臭,Pros 间歇式脱臭的优点: Easier to operate (less controls):易于操作(控制点减少) Less product mixing with stock changes: 更换油品时,可将不同种类油品之间的污染降至最低; Lower investment cost (up to about 15 ton batch) 可降低初期投资(每批处理量不高于15吨的情况下); Better quality control:易于控制油品质量; Cons

15、 间歇式脱臭的缺点: Higher energy consumption:能耗较高; Not suitable for physical refining unless equipped with pre-stripper (thin-film device) ; 除非增加预脱臭装置(薄膜装置),否则不适合采用物理精炼工艺;,17,Semi-Continuous versus Continuous 半连续脱臭与连续脱臭,Pros 半连续脱臭工艺的优点: Less product mixing with stock changes 减少不同油品种类之间的污染; Smaller space req

16、uirement:对车间内部空间要求较小; Cons - 半连续脱臭工艺的缺点: Higher energy consumption 能耗较高; Coils more complex than straight tubes 油品加热需要大量盘管,而连续脱臭则用直管;,18,Choice of Vacuum Systems 真空系统的选用,Normal operating range: 1 - 8 mbar 一般情况下,脱臭所需真空度为1-8 mbar; “Double Booster” systems for under 6 mbar 如所要求的真空度低于6 mbar,则需两级大型喷射器; 2

17、 - 4 mbar range considered optimal 最适宜的真空度应为2 - 4 mbar; Barometric condensers OK when odor and slightly fat contaminated effluent is no problem; 如果工厂排放物中含有的少量脂肪酸及系统 产生的“臭气”不构成环境问题,则可选用直混式大气冷凝器; Otherwise surface condensers with caustic treat 否则则需选用管壳式冷凝器,并对污水用碱进行处理; Refrigerated systems for large pl

18、ants operating under environmental restrictions and relatively low cost electric power 如果限于环保限制,则可选用冷冻真空系统;其相对优势是能耗较低;,19,Packed Column versus Tray Deodorizers 填料式脱臭塔与塔盘式脱臭塔,Pros - 填料式脱臭塔的优点: Lower energy consumption (for vacuum system) 可降低真空系统的蒸汽消耗; Facilitates control of tocopherol recovery 易于控制Ve

19、的回收; Minimizes thermal damage at high temp stripping 降低高温汽提对油品的负作用; Enables deodorization at lower temperatures 可降低脱臭温度; Cons - 填料式脱臭塔的缺点: More sensitive to air contamination 对漏气情况更加敏感; Larger amount of residual oil (25 kg/m3 packing) 塔中滞留的油量增加(每立方米填料25公斤油); Higher cost (trays for retention still required) 增加设备

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