《免疫学基础知识》PPT课件

1、基 础 知 识 培训手册,2008版 仅供内部培训使用,目录,1. 感染与疾病 1.1介绍5 1.2病毒10 1.3细菌19 1.4流行病学31 1.5抗击传染性疾病39 2. 免疫 2.1介绍48 2.2先天性免疫51 2.3后天性免疫55 2.4抗体介导免疫64 2.5细胞介导免疫77 2.6免疫病理学84 3. 疫苗学 3.1被动和主动免疫 93 3.2疫苗种类101 3.3疫苗检测116 3.4疫苗的使用129,感染与疾病,1. 感染与疾病,什么引起感染?,感染如何引起疾病?,什么时候感染引起疾病?,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1

2、.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,介绍,1.1 Introduction The problem Some statistics A changing scene 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,乙肝病毒,白日咳杆菌,麻疹病毒,破伤风杆菌,白喉杆菌,感染性疾病的问题,1.1 Introduction The problem Some statistics A changing s

3、cene 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,一些统计数字,1.1 Introduction The problem Some statistics A changing scene 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,一些统计数字,1975-1999年全球疫苗接种覆盖率,1.1 Introduction The problem So

4、me statistics A changing scene 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,正在变化的情况,挑战:,新的感染性疾病,老的传染病死灰复燃,耐药,传染病向新领域的播散,在控制不利地区传染病的播散,1.1 Introduction The problem Some statistics A changing scene 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectiou

5、s disease Quiz one,病毒,本章涉及的题目是:,病毒的结构与分类,病毒如何复制,病毒如何引起疾病,一些重要病毒和它们引起的疾病,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses General description Classification Replication Viruses and disease Viral diseases Some important viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious diseases Quiz one,一般描述,1.1 Introduction

6、 1.2 Viruses General description Classification Replication Viruses and disease Viral diseases Some important viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious diseases Quiz one,分类,DNA,RNA,单链,双链,病毒外膜,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses General description Classification Replication Viruses and

7、 disease Viral diseases Some important viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious diseases Quiz one,复制,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses General description Classification Replication Viruses and disease Viral diseases Some important viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating

8、 infectious diseases Quiz one,复制,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses General description Classification Replication Viruses and disease Viral diseases Some important viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious diseases Quiz one,病毒与疾病,病毒能够:,损害和摧毁细胞 例如 流感,干扰细胞生长 例如 先天性风疹, 肿瘤,激活免疫反应来摧毁被感染细胞

9、 例如 甲型肝炎,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses General description Classification Replication Viruses and disease Viral diseases Some important viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious diseases Quiz one,病毒感染的特征,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses General description Classification Replication

10、Viruses and disease Viral diseases Some important viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious diseases Quiz one,一些重要的病毒,病毒,疾病,GSK 疫苗,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses General description Classification Replication Viruses and disease Viral diseases Some important viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1

11、.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious diseases Quiz one,一些重要的病毒,病毒,疾病,GSK VACCINE(S),水痘,流感,脊灰,威可檬,福禄立适, Influsplit, Alpharix,Polio Sabin (Infanrix combos),1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses General description Classification Replication Viruses and disease Viral diseases Some important viruses 1.3 Bact

12、eria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious diseases Quiz one,细菌,本章涉及的题目是:,细菌的结构和分类,细菌如何繁殖,细菌如何引起疾病,一些重要细菌和它们引起的疾病,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria General description Structure Multiplication Bacteria and disease Bacterial diseases Some important bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating

13、infectious disease Quiz one,一般描述,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria General description Structure Multiplication Bacteria and disease Bacterial diseases Some important bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,结构与分类,鞭毛,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria Genera

14、l description Structure Multiplication Bacteria and disease Bacterial diseases Some important bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,结构与分类,细胞壁,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria General description Structure Multiplication Bacteria and disease Bacterial diseases S

15、ome important bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,结构与分类,细菌细胞形态,形态,名称,例如,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria General description Structure Multiplication Bacteria and disease Bacterial diseases Some important bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious dis

16、ease Quiz one,繁殖,二分裂法,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria General description Structure Multiplication Bacteria and disease Bacterial diseases Some important bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,芽孢,形成,出芽,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria General descripti

17、on Structure Multiplication Bacteria and disease Bacterial diseases Some important bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,细菌与疾病,细菌引起的疾病:,通过入侵 有能力在体内繁殖和快速播散,通过产生外毒素 在生长中分泌 蛋白，通常有特定作用,通过产生内毒素 当细菌细胞死亡时释放 属于非专一作用,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria General description

18、Structure Multiplication Bacteria and disease Bacterial diseases Some important bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,细菌性疾病,细菌性疾病可以有:,特殊的临床症状 典型的临床体征,非特殊的临床症状 临床特征依赖于感染部位，而不是感染细菌 不同细菌可以产生同样症状,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria General description Structure Multip

19、lication Bacteria and disease Bacterial diseases Some important bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,细菌性疾病,特定感染的潜伏期,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria General description Structure Multiplication Bacteria and disease Bacterial diseases Some important bacteria 1.

20、4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,一些重要的细菌,细菌,疾病,GSK 疫苗,白喉,破伤风,百日咳,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria General description Structure Multiplication Bacteria and disease Bacterial diseases Some important bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,一

21、些重要的细菌,细菌,疾病,GSK 疫苗,Hib 疾病,伤寒热,脑膜炎,贺新立适 (and combos),Typherix (Hepatyrix),Mencevax range,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria General description Structure Multiplication Bacteria and disease Bacterial diseases Some important bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,流

22、行病学,本章涉及的题目是:,感染来源,感染传播,一些共同问题,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology Sources of infection Routes of infection Some common terms 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,感染来源,外源性感染 来源于身体之外,内源性感染 来源于身体内或身体上,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology Sources of inf

23、ection Routes of infection Some common terms 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,感染来源,外源性感染来源,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology Sources of infection Routes of infection Some common terms 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,感染来源,内源性感染,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses

24、1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology Sources of infection Routes of infection Some common terms 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,感染途径,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology Sources of infection Routes of infection Some common terms 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,流行病学

25、定义,衡量疾病负担,发病率 在特点时期某种疾病的新发病数,流行率 在特定时间点感染的全部数量,患病率 在特定时期某种疾病和它的并发症的数量,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology Sources of infection Routes of infection Some common terms 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,流行病学定义,死亡率的衡量,病死率 在特定时间由某种疾病致死的数量,病例死亡率 由某种疾病致死的百分比,1.1 Introduction 1

26、.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology Sources of infection Routes of infection Some common terms 1.5 Combating infectious disease Quiz one,流行病学定义,地方性流行,流行,病 例 数 量,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology Sources of infection Routes of infection Some common terms 1.5 Combating in

27、fectious disease Quiz one,抗击传染性疾病,本章涉及的题目是:,一般措施,抗微生物药物,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious diseases General measures Anti-microbial drugs Resistance Prevention or cure? Vaccination Quiz one,药物治疗的问题,通过接种预防,一般措施,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria

28、 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious diseases General measures Anti-microbial drugs Resistance Prevention or cure? Vaccination Quiz one,抗生素,但可以:,使用不当和无效,有副作用,改变人体正常菌群,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious diseases General measures Anti-microbial dr

29、ugs Resistance Prevention or cure? Vaccination Quiz one,耐药问题,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious diseases General measures Anti-microbial drugs Resistance Prevention or cure? Vaccination Quiz one,耐药问题,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epide

30、miology 1.5 Combating infectious diseases General measures Anti-microbial drugs Resistance Prevention or cure? Vaccination Quiz one,预防胜于治疗,更容易,更人性化,预防或治疗,更节省费用,控制疾病更有效,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious diseases General measures Anti-microbial drugs R

31、esistance Prevention or cure? Vaccination Quiz one,免疫接种,1.1 Introduction 1.2 Viruses 1.3 Bacteria 1.4 Epidemiology 1.5 Combating infectious diseases General measures Anti-microbial drugs Resistance Prevention or cure? Vaccination Quiz one,基础免疫课程,免疫,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive i

32、mmunity 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,2. 免疫,什么保护我们免除疾病?,这个防御机制如何工作?,介绍,2.1 Introduction Invasion and immunity Innate and adaptive immunity 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6

33、Immunopathology Quiz two,周围淋巴组织,吞噬细胞,淋巴细胞,中央淋巴组织,抗体,入侵与免疫,防御性免疫,限制入侵,确认,摧毁,2.1 Introduction Invasion and immunity Innate and adaptive immunity 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,先天性和后天性免疫,在出生时存在,非特异性,学习,特异,

34、2.1 Introduction Invasion and immunity Innate and adaptive immunity 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,先天性免疫,本章节涉及题目有:,物理，化学和生物屏障,天然抗感染物质,吞噬,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity Physical, chemical & biologi

35、cal barriers Natural anti-infective agents Phagocytosis 2.3 Adaptive immunity 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,物理，化学和生物屏障,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity Physical, chemical & biological barriers Natural anti-infective agents Phagocytosis 2.3

36、 Adaptive immunity 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,天然抗感染物质,抗细菌物质溶菌酶 在眼泪和其它分泌物中 破碎细胞壁,抗病毒物质 干扰素 合成抗病毒感染 限制病毒复制,补体 破碎细胞壁 促进病原菌销毁,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity Physical, chemical & biological barriers Natural anti-infective agents Phagocytos

37、is 2.3 Adaptive immunity 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,吞噬,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity Physical, chemical & biological barriers Natural anti-infective agents Phagocytosis 2.3 Adaptive immunity 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity 2.5 Cell-me

38、diated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,后天性免疫,本章节涉及题目有:,抗原,免疫反应机制,淋巴细胞 来源 循环 克隆扩增 免疫反应和免疫记忆,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity Antigens Mechanisms of immune response Lymphocytes The circulation of lymphocytes Clonal expansion of lymphocytes Immune responses and memory Pr

39、imary and secondary responses 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,抗原,抗原是:,激活免疫反应的物质,非我,通常是很大的，复杂的分子,通常由蛋白和多糖构成,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity Antigens Mechanisms of immune response Lymphocytes The circulation of lymphocyt

40、es Clonal expansion of lymphocytes Immune responses and memory Primary and secondary responses 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,抗原举例,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity Antigens Mechanisms of immune response Lymphocytes The

41、 circulation of lymphocytes Clonal expansion of lymphocytes Immune responses and memory Primary and secondary responses 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,免疫反应机制,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity Antigens Mechanisms of immu

42、ne response Lymphocytes The circulation of lymphocytes Clonal expansion of lymphocytes Immune responses and memory Primary and secondary responses 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,淋巴细胞,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity An

43、tigens Mechanisms of immune response Lymphocytes The circulation of lymphocytes Clonal expansion of lymphocytes Immune responses and memory Primary and secondary responses 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,淋巴细胞循环,脾,淋巴节,骨髓,胸腺,血流,2.1 Introduction 2.

44、2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity Antigens Mechanisms of immune response Lymphocytes The circulation of lymphocytes Clonal expansion of lymphocytes Immune responses and memory Primary and secondary responses 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two

45、,淋巴细胞克隆扩增,淋巴细胞克隆 (全都一样),不成熟淋巴池 (每个都不同),抗原特定刺激淋巴细胞,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity Antigens Mechanisms of immune response Lymphocytes The circulation of lymphocytes Clonal expansion of lymphocytes Immune responses and memory Primary and secondary responses 2.4 Antibody-medi

46、ated immunity 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,免疫反应和免疫记忆,激活的淋巴细胞,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity Antigens Mechanisms of immune response Lymphocytes The circulation of lymphocytes Clonal expansion of lymphocytes Immune responses and memory Primary and

47、 secondary responses 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,原发和继发免疫反应,原发反应,继发反应,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity Antigens Mechanisms of immune response Lymphocytes The circulation of lymphocytes Clonal expansion of lymphocytes

48、 Immune responses and memory Primary and secondary responses 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,抗体介导免疫,本章节涉及题目有:,抗体介导免疫的作用,抗体介导免疫的机制,抗体和它们的功能,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity The role of anti

49、body- mediated immunity The mechanism of antibody-mediated immunity Function of antibody Structure of antibody Classes of antibody The switch Defences against bacteria Defences against viruses 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,抗体介导免疫的作用,抗体介导免疫:,抵抗细胞外病原体,抵抗细菌中非常重要,对细胞内病原体无效,在病毒进

50、入细胞前非常重要,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity The role of antibody- mediated immunity The mechanism of antibody-mediated immunity Function of antibody Structure of antibody Classes of antibody The switch Defences against bacteria Defences against

51、viruses 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,抗体介导免疫的机制,非T-细胞依赖的B-细胞抗原刺激,被激活的 B-淋巴细胞,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity The role of antibody- mediated immunity The mechanism of antibody-mediated immunity Function of antibody St

52、ructure of antibody Classes of antibody The switch Defences against bacteria Defences against viruses 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,抗体介导免疫的机制,T-细胞依赖的B-细胞抗原刺激,含抗原的细胞,TH-淋巴细胞,被激活的 B-淋巴细胞,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity

53、 The role of antibody- mediated immunity The mechanism of antibody-mediated immunity Function of antibody Structure of antibody Classes of antibody The switch Defences against bacteria Defences against viruses 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,抗体介导免疫的机制,B-细胞扩增和转化,2.1 Introducti

54、on 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity The role of antibody- mediated immunity The mechanism of antibody-mediated immunity Function of antibody Structure of antibody Classes of antibody The switch Defences against bacteria Defences against viruses 2.5 Cell-mediat

55、ed immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,抗体功能,抗体,抗原,抗原-抗体复合物,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity The role of antibody- mediated immunity The mechanism of antibody-mediated immunity Function of antibody Structure of antibody Classes of antibody Th

56、e switch Defences against bacteria Defences against viruses 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,抗体功能,增强吞噬作用,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity The role of antibody- mediated immunity The mechanism of antibody-mediated immunit

57、y Function of antibody Structure of antibody Classes of antibody The switch Defences against bacteria Defences against viruses 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Quiz two,抗体结构,2.1 Introduction 2.2 Innate immunity 2.3 Adaptive immunity 2.4 Antibody-mediated immunity The role of antibody- mediated immunity The mechanism of antibody-mediated immunity Function of antibody Structure of antibody Classes of antibody The switch Defences against bacteria Defences against viruses 2.5 Cell-mediated immunity 2.6 Immunopathology Q