意象派与现代诗歌

1、,The American Modernism (I) (1914 - 1945),Part One: Introduction: I. The background of producing modernism Charles Darwins The Origin of Species (1859) radically altered the nineteenth century romantic view that nature, especially human nature, was benign. Herbert Spencer and the Gospel of Wealth or

2、 Social Darwinism: reconciled individualism with capitalism by suggesting that the interests of each citizen as well as the interests of the state are served by free economic expansion.,The background of modernism,3)The work of Marx, and Freud, as well as other great intellectual explorers and rebel

3、s had mounted an assault against orthodox religious faith that lasted into the twentieth century. 4)World War I in particular deepened doubt and reauthorized disillusionment. 5)Another source of disillusionment was the rapid transformation of American society that accelerated with World War I.,II. M

4、odernism? Modernism is a cultural movement that generally includes the progressive art and architecture, design, literature, music, dance, painting and other visual arts which emerged in the beginning of the 20th century , particularly in the years following World War I. It was a movement of artists

5、 and designers who rebelled against late 19th century academic and historicist tradition, and embraced the new economic, social and political aspects of the emerging modern world.,The movements including Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Cubism立体派, Futurism未来派, Expressionism, Constructivism建构主义, De

6、 Stijl, and Abstract Expressionism-are generally defined as Modernism.,Modernism in literature is not easily summarized, but the key elements are experimentation, anti-realism, individualism and a stress on the cerebral rather than emotive aspects. The work of Modernist writers is characterized by s

7、howing the disenchantment, dislocation, and alienation of men in the world, and by the emphasis on experimentation and formalism and objectivism which are, in most cases, a reaction to the cataclysm known as the Modern Age.,Modernists,Among American writers, the best-known Modernists are T.S.Eliot,

8、Ezra Pound, F.Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner and so on.,III. The Schools of American Modernism: Modern poetry: experiments in form (Imagism) Prose Writing: modern realism (the Lost Generation) Novels of Social Awareness The Harlem Renaissance The Fugitives and New Criticism The

9、 20th Century American Drama,Part Two: Modern poetry: experiments in form (Imagism),content,What is “imagism”？,Production and development of Imagism,Contributions And limitations,Imagism derives from the English word “image ”，The modern chinese uses“image” to translate imagine. Imagism is a poetic m

10、ovement of England and the United States, which flourished from 1909 to 1917. it is a branch of the symbolism literary movement which was used chiefly in The Western World during that time.,What is “imagism”？,It stressed free choice of subject matters (often dealing with single, concentrated moments

11、 of experience), concreteness of imagery, musical phrases, economy of expression, and the use of a dominant image. It aimed at instantaneous（瞬间发生的） effect, visual and concise（简明的）. With a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti-romantic and anti-Victorian. In the U.S., the group was r

12、epresented by Pound, John Gould Fletcher, and Amy Lowell.,Imagism derived from their opposition to the writing style of the poets at that time. First of all, Neo-Romanticism(新浪漫主义) formed in the The late 19th century, Until the early 20th century,it degenerate to Sentimental twaddle（无病呻吟、多愁善感） Secon

13、dly，the popularity of “Bergson fad”（“柏格森热”） Thirdly，the poety of Symbolism（象征主义诗歌流派）founded a new path for imagism to composing new poem，it greatly inspired imagist。,Background,Production and development of Imagism：,From YiJing、The book of poetry、LiSao to Tang poetry and Song ci,imagism has experien

14、ced a very long process of development both in theory and practice. In the Early 20th Century，Originating in the philosophy of T.E. Hulme, the movement soon attracted Ezra Pound, who became the leader of a small group opposed to the romantic conception of poetry and inspired by Greek and Roman class

15、ics and by Chinese, Japanese, and modern French poets.,The process of development：,In 1912，Pound adopted “imagism” for the first time. During 19151917, Published a volume of verse every year. Since Pound left Imagism, A.Lowell carry on leading that movement and caught up with several principled prop

16、ositions,Around The Russian Revolution,imagism reached Russian The first poet and painter founded an association,and began to published imagist magazine and poem.In 1927,the association disbanded.,Because most of the imagists experienced the creation of the poety of the west Symbolism，some theorists

17、 also look imagism as a branch of symbolism, actually there are great differences between imagist poetry and symbolism. Although symbolism also used image,both of them used the image as the “objective counterpart,”symbolism was aimed at associating、suggesting and metaphor while imagism laid emphasis

18、 on the image itself。,Comparison with the poetry of western Symbolism：,From the internal form to see，There existed great influence of Japanese haiku and Chinese poetry on the Imagist movement. Imagists found value in Chinese poetry ,because Chinese poetry is, by virtue of the ideographic and pictogr

19、aphic （表意的和象形的）nature of the Chinese language, essentially imagist poetry。,The influence of Japanese haiku and classical Chinese poetry：,西：强调“象”,庞德把“意象”称为“一刹那间思想和感情的复合物（情结）”。 中：表意之象，象为意服务,Comparison between Chinese and Western“image”,Bergsons Intuitionism and Philosophy of life in the early 20th cen

20、tury（柏格森的直觉主义、生命哲学） Chinese classical philosophy and aesthetics“oneness of man and nature”、 “describing objects to reflect objects”（ 天人合一、以物观物） Poetics：the emphasis is that the poet construct nature and present nature by themselves in a natural manner.,Philosophic and Aesthetic basis:,1、Direct treat

21、ment of the thing,（诗歌） whether subjective or objective. 2、To use absolutely no word that did not contribute to the presentation. 3、As regarding rhythm: to compose in sequence of the musical phrase, not in sequence of the metronome.,three principles of poetical creation：,像本世纪初许多喧嚣一时的西方文艺界流派一样， 意象派没有盛

22、行多久就被抛弃了。代之而起的是漩涡派（Vorticism），但漩涡派作为一种主张，和者甚寡，其影响很微弱。漩涡派的创作重点在于表现力量而不再是展现图象。庞德和漩涡主义的支持者在19141915年间办了一份杂志风暴（Elast）。 在创作中也遵循了漩涡派的一些主张。,The later period of Imagismvortexism：,Artistic Characteristics of Imagist poetry,firstly, imagism requested their poetry presents directly the image that can express a

23、ffection, represent image In sculpture and painting measure,it against the musical or mysterious lyric poem，put forward dont say、 no narration interspersed with comments”(不要夹叙夹议)、just Revealing without commentary。,Secondly，the language of the Imagist poetry was brief and simple，To use absolutely no

24、adjective、modifier that did not contribute to the presentation.the line of verse was short，there was vibrancy（跳跃性）among“images”,Thirdly，the Imagist poetry stressed on the internal rhythm of the Image composition，it claimed writing the poem according to the Musicality of the language。,Three phases: (

25、1) 1908 1909. London. T. E. Hulme Basic principles ; more discussion, less writing (2) 1912 1914. Ezra Pound Manifesto, three principles, first anthology (3) 1914 1917. Amy Lowell,The works of the representative,Ezra Pound (1885 - 1972) A lume spento（1908） Personae(1909） Exultations(1909) The cantos

26、 (19171959) In a station of the metro（1913) Homage to sextus propertius(1917) The pisan cantos(1948),T.S.Eliot (18881965） The love song of J.Alfred prufrock(1911) Gerontion (1920) The waste land （1922） The hollow men （1925） The criterion （1922）,Amy Lowell (18741925） John Keats（1925） A dome of many c

27、oloured class（1912） Sword blades and poppy seed (1914) Men ,women and ghosts (1916) Pictures of the floating world （1919） Legends (1921),Hilda Doolittle (1886-1961) The walls do not fall（1944） The flowering of the rod（1946） Tribute to angels(1945) Helen in egypt（1961） Hedylus(1928) Bid me to live(19

28、60),Contributions:,Offering a new way of writing Influenced lots of modern poets,Limitations:,The form is short, the coverage area is narrow, is not suitable for representing the significant society and the life subject. A single dominate image is hardly capable of sustaining long poems. There was e

29、xcessive emphasis on the so-called“objectivity”and the absolutely clarity、definiteness，that cause a lot of poetry be excluded。,I. Imagism: It is a Movement in U.S. and English poetry characterized by the use of concrete language and figures of speech, modern subject matter, metrical freedom, and avo

30、idance of romantic or mystical themes, aiming at clarity of expression through the use of precise visual images. It grew out of the Symbolist Movement in 1912 and was initially led by Ezra Pound, Amy Lowell, and others. The Imagist manifesto came out in 1912 showed three Imagist poetic principles: d

31、irect treatment of the “thing”（no fuss, frill, or ornament）, exclusion of superfluous words（precision and economy of expression）, the rhythm of the musical phrase rather than the sequence of a metronome（节拍）（free verse form and music）.,Pound defined an image as that which presents an intellectual and

32、 emotional complex in an instant of time, and later he extended this definition when he stated that an image was “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas, endowed with energy.” There existed great influence of Chinese poetry on the Imagist movement. Imagists found value in Chinese poetry was because Chin

33、ese poetry is, by virtue of the ideographic and pictographic nature of the Chinese language, essentially imagistic poetry.,II. The Major Representatives of the Modern Poetry: Ezra Pound (1885- 1972) T.S.Eliot (1888 - 1965) Wallace Stevens (1879 - 1955) William Carlos Williams (1883 - 1963) Robert Fr

34、ost (1874 - 1963) E.E.Cummings (1894 - 1963),一. Ezra Pound (1885 - 1972),1. His Life: Born in Idaho（爱德河州） in 1885 and raised in Pennsylvania, Ezra Pound spent most of his life in Europe and became one of the 20th centurys most influential - and controversial - poets in the English language. Pound wa

35、s undoubtedly a genius. Before he graduated from university, he had mastered 9 languages as well as English grammar and literature. After college in Pennsylvania and a brief stint as a teacher, in 1908 Pound travelled to Venice and then to London, where he refined his aesthetic sensibilities and edi

36、ted the anthology（选集） Des Imagistes (1914).,3.)Pound championed the likes of T. S. Eliot, William Carlos Williams and James Joyce and, influenced by Chinese and Japanese poetry, advocated free meter and a more economical use of words and images in poetic expression, leading the Imagist Movement of p

37、oetry.,Enamored with Benito Mussolini, Pound made anti-American radio broadcasts during World War II. He was arrested as a traitor in 1945 and initially confined in Pisa. He was then sent to the U.S., where he was deemed mentally unfit to stand trial for treason. Pound was confined for 12 years in a

38、 hospital (actually prison) for the criminally insane in Washington. During this time he translated works of ancient Greek and ancient Chinese literature. While in prison, he was awarded a prestigious poetry prize in 1949 for his last Cantos.,6)In 1958 he returned to Italy, where he continued to wri

39、te and make translations until he died in 1972. 7)He moved to Paris in 1920 and got acquainted with Gertrude Stein and her circle of friends (which included Ernest Hemingway and Pablo Picasso), then settled in Italy in 1924.,2. His works: Pound wrote 70 books and over 1500 articles in his life. His

40、major work of poetry is The Cantos, a long poem which he wrote in sections between 1915 and 1945.,3. His masterpiece: The Cantos,In this poem, he traces the rise and fall of eastern and western empires, the destruction caused by greed and materialism. He deplores the corruption of America after the

41、heroic time of Jefferson, The last part, produced from his own suffering, is the most moving.,4. His poetic features: Ezra Pound is often considered as the poet who is most responsible for defining and promoting a modernist aesthetic in poetry. His critical theories have great influence on many impo

42、rtant American and British poets. Throughout the 1920s, he was much involved in most of the major artistic movements. He was the leader of the Imagist school in poetry. He believed that good poetry was based on images rather than ideas.,As an imagist himself, he advocated and followed the imagist cr

43、edo, writing succinct verse of dry clarity and hard outline in which an exact visual image made a total poetic statement. His technique came from classical Chinese and Japanese poetry. On one hand the stressed clarity, precision, and economy of language. On the other hand, Pound mused the traditiona

44、l rhyme and meter in order to, as Pound put it, “compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome”.,A Chinese imagistic poetry: Autumn Evening crows perch on old trees wreathed with withered vine, Water of a stream flows by a family cottage near a tiny bridge. A lean h

45、orse walks on an ancient road in western breeze, The sun is setting in the west, The heart-broken one is at the end of the Earth. 天净沙秋思 马致远 枯藤、老树、昏鸦，小桥、流水、人家， 古道、西风、瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。,There are nine nouns or nominal phrases placed in the first three lines in isolation from each other. To appreciate the

46、 poem you should link the scenes produced through these words up in your imagination by way like montage蒙太奇 in movie art. So, a vivid picture like a story will be displayed in your mind: In sight of the beautiful scenery with withered vine, old tree, crow returning home at dusk, small bridge, river and households, a man, accompanied by west wind and a thin horse on the ancient road, is suffering from homesickness,5. In a Station of the Metro The apparition of these faces i