笔译(词语的选择、引申和褒贬).ppt

1、词语的选择、引申和褒贬,一、词义的选择,英汉两种语言都有一词多类，一词多义的现象。在英汉翻译过程中，我们要弄清楚原句结构中关键词的词义。选择和确定词义通常从以下两个方面着手： (一) 根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义。,Like,Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. (adj.) 相同的电荷相斥；不同的电荷相吸。 He likes mathematics more than physics. (v.) 比起物理，他更喜欢数学。 In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine g

2、rains of dust shining like gold. (prep.) 在射入窗户的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮。 Like knows like. (n.) 英雄识英雄。,(二) 根据上下文联系以及句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。 He is the last man to come. 他是最后来的。 He is the last man to do it. 他决不会干那件事。,He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配（最不适合）干这工作。 He should be the last to blame. 怎么也不应该去怪他。 H

3、e is the last man to consult. 根本不宜找他商量。 This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我怎么也没有料到会在这个地方见到你。,练习,1. It is not right for children to sit up late. The plane was right above our heads. In the negative, right and left, and black and white are reversed. She tried her best to right her h

4、usband from the charge of robbery.,2. It has been said that the individual American is generous, but that the American nation is hard. 3. IBM has a quite handsome increase of productivity this year. 4. Information technology will be at the heart of global economic competition in the 21st century. 5.

5、 Race relations in the USA continue to be a thorny problem.,6. Traditional consumer attitudes are a major obstacle for cyber-merchants. 7. Wildfires caused by lightning or human carelessness are a serious problem in heavily forested area. 8. Geography has given the United States extensive and access

6、ible resources, fertile land and a beneficial climate.,二、词义的引申,（一）将词义作抽象化的引申 1将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词 There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜和苦。,2将带有特征性形象的词译成该形象所代表的概念的词 See-sawing between partly goo

7、d and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. 在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。,（二）将词义作具体化的引申 1、英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引申。 Vietnam was his entre to the new Administration, his third incarnation as a foreign policy consultant. 越南战争成了他进攻新政

8、府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。,2、英语中有些词在特定的上下文中，其含义时清楚的，但是译成汉语时还要作具体化的引申，否则就不够清楚。 The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. 我前头的那辆车停住了，害我错过了绿灯。,练习,1. A recent survey revealed that the divorce rate has rocketed as womens financial dependence on men has plummeted. 2. E-commerce has not yet en

9、thusiastically embraced. 3. The music industry is getting raided by the Internet because it is so easy to make unauthorized of songs.,4. No sooner was the avalanche of Christmas cards swept away the publishers began to fill the shops with their novel valentines. 5. The habit of sending gifts is dyin

10、g out, which is disappointing for the manufacturers, who nevertheless still hopefully dish out presents for Valentines Day in an attempt to cash in.,三、词义的褒贬,语言本身没有阶级性，但在具体使用时不可能不为一定的阶级服务。为了忠实于原文的思想内容，翻译时必须正确理解作者的基本政治立场和观点，然后选用适当的语言手段来加以表达。 （一）英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，翻译时应该相应地表达出来。,1) He was a man of high fame

11、. 他是位有名望的人。 2) His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. 他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传来的。 3) “He was polite and always gave advice willingly,” she recalled. 她回忆所：“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。” 4) We were shocked by his coarse manners. 我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊。,（二）英语中有些词义是中立的，本身不表示褒义或是贬义，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味，汉译时应该用具有褒贬意味的词来表达。 1、需要

12、用褒义的词来表达 The two statesmen talked for no more than five minutes, at a significant moment of their careers. 两位政治家交谈了仅仅五分钟。这次谈话是在他们一生事业的重大时刻进行的。,2、需要用贬义的词来表达 1) He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved. 他是一个正直诚实的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信

13、他这个坏名声是不该有的。,2) He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds. 他欺骗了我，使我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。 3) As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees. 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。,练习,1. John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. 2. Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized p