辩论队培训1.ppt

1、Debate,Words are your weapons!,The Devils Advocate,You have two minutes to argue one side of each resolution. When you hear SWITCH, you will have two minutes to argue the opposite side of the resolution.,We should prohibit the use of cars in China.,Women should stop working when they get married and

2、 have babies.,A: Whos the judge? B: The judge is God! A: Why is he God? B: Because he decides who wins or loses, not my opponent! A: Whos your opponent? B: He doesnt exist! A: Why does he not exist? B: Because he is merely a dissenting voice to the truth I speak! A: Speak the truth! B: Speak the tru

3、th!,Strong reasons,According to LeBeau, Harrington, Lubetsky (2000), a strong reason has the following qualities: it logically supports the opinion. it is specific and states the idea clearly. it is convincing to a majority of people.,Strong reasons vs weak reasons,Smoking should be banned in public

4、 places because: it is bad. it gives people bad breath and makes their teeth yellow. secondhand smoke is harmful for nonsmokers.,Strong reasons vs weak reasons,Smoking should NOT be banned in public places because:,At least 5 reasons for each,Women should quit their job after they get married. A pet

5、 is better than a boyfriend. Chinese citizens should have access to guns. It is better to be married than single.,Toulmins argument model,The twentieth-century British philosopher Stephen Toulmin noticed that good, realistic arguments typically will consist of six parts: claim, support, warrant, qua

6、lifier, backing, rebuttal,Claim,This is the main point, the thesis, the controlling idea. You can find the claim by asking the question, What is the author trying to prove?,Claim,For example University students lack practical skills. Our educational system needs a major reform. Japan is an ambitious

7、 yet noisy country.,Claim,The claim may be directly stated (usually at the first of a text, but sometimes at the end) or the claim may be implied.,Claim,Many people start with a claim, but then find that it is challenged. If you just ask me to do something, I will not simply agree with what you want

8、. I will ask why I should agree with you. I will ask you to prove your claim. Thats why we also need support.,Support(evidence, proof, data, grounds),These are the reasons given in support of the claim. You can find it by asking What does the author say to persuade the reader of the claim? You can u

9、se these as support: facts and statistics, expert opinions, examples, explanations, and logical reasoning.,Support,For example (underlined part) Your grandma should use a hearing aid. Over 70% of all people over 65 years have a hearing difficulty. Tom needs to quit smoking. Study shows that cigarett

10、es contain a high proportion of nicotine.,Support,Information is usually a very powerful element of persuasion. It is often a useful test to give something factual to the other person that disproves their argument, and watch how they handle it.,Research!,Support,In actual debates, you will most like

11、ly encounter tough opponents that like to dig very deep and ask for more explanations. Thats where you need warrants.,Warrant,A warrant links support to a claim, legitimizing the claim by showing the support to be relevant. It answers the question “Why does that data mean your claim is true?”,Warran

12、t,For example (underlined part) You should use a hearing aid. Over 70% of all people over 65 years have a hearing difficulty. A hearing aid helps most people to hear better.,Warrant,Warrants are generally accepted beliefs and values, common ways our culture or society views things. Shared warrants i

13、nvite the audience to participate by unconsciously supplying part of the argument.,Create your own arguments,Dating in campus Food in the canteens of GDUFS Being a high-school teacher Keeping pets Volunteer work Studying abroad Japanese cartoons,Qualifier,Dont use superlatives like all, every, absol

14、utely or never, none, no one. many, many times, some or rarely, few, possibly.,Qualifier,For example Hearing aids help most people. Unless there is evidence to the contrary, hearing aids do no harm to ears.,Backing,Sometimes the warrant itself needs evidence to support it, to make it more believable

15、, to further back up the argument.,Backing,For example (underlined part) You should use a hearing aid. Over 70% of all people over 65 years have a hearing difficulty. A hearing aid helps most people to hear better. Hearing aids are hugely available locally.,Rebuttal,When making an argument, you must

16、 take into consideration other conflicting viewpoints and deal with them fairly. You need to answer questions and objections raised in the minds of the audience; if you fail to do so, your own argument will be weakened.,Rebuttal,For example While local TV newscasts can provide a valuable community r

17、esource, too often such programs provide mere entertainment at the expense of solid news.,Rewrite,Congress should ban animal research (Claim) because animals are tortured in experiments that have no necessary benefit for humans such as the testing of cosmetics (Support). The well being of animals is

18、 more important than the profits of the cosmetics industry (Warrant). Only congress has the authority to make such a law (Warrant) because the corporations can simply move from state to state to avoid legal penalties (Backing). Of course, this ban should not apply to medical research (Qualifier). A law to ban all research would go too far (Rebuttal). So, the law would probably (Qualifier) have to be carefully written to define the kinds of research intended (Claim).,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,Congress should ban animal research (Claim) bec