分译法与合译法.ppt

1、英汉翻译理论与实践,主讲 蔡子亮,翻译理论与实践,英译汉常用的方法和技巧:(12) 长句的译法 长句是指语法结构比较复杂、从句和修饰语较多，包含的内容层次在一个以上的句子。,试译以下句子：,1. I came back home yesterday from Baidaihe where I had spent my vacation after the training course that I had taken in Tianjin.,1. I came back home yesterday from Baidaihe where I had spent my vacation af

2、ter the training course that I had taken in Tianjin. 我先在天津参加一个培训班；后来到北戴河度假；昨天才回到家。,2. You must fix in mind the symbols and formulas, definitions and laws of physics, no matter how complex they may be, when you come in contact with them, in order that you may understand the subject better and lay a s

3、olid foundation for further study.,2. You must fix in mind the symbols and formulas, definitions and laws of physics, no matter how complex they may be, when you come in contact with them, in order that you may understand the subject better and lay a solid foundation for further study. 为了更好地了解物理学，并为

4、进一步学习打好稳固的基础，当你接触到物理学上的符号、公式、定义和定律的时候，不管他们是多么复杂，你必须把它们牢牢记住。,英语多长句，汉语多短句。 英语长句呈现出一种“多枝共干”的树状结构。英语凭借关联词可以层层修饰, 句中套句, 再加上插入语、补充成分、同位语或独立成分等，可以形成复杂的长句。 汉语长句呈现出一种竹式结构。在表达一些较复杂的思想时，往往借助动词，按动作发生的顺序，或逻辑顺序，逐步交待，层层展开，有如一根竹子，一节节连下去。,英语多前重心，汉语多后重心。 在表达复杂思想时，英语往往是判断或结论等在前，事实或描写等在后，即重心在前；汉语则是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论，即重

5、心在后。例如： It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. （Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice） 凡是有钱的单身汉，总是要位太太，这已经形成了举世公认的真理。（王科一译） 有钱的单身汉总想要位太太，这是一条举世公认的真理。（孙致礼译）,再如： It was a real challenge that those who had learned from us now excel

6、led us. 过去向我们学习的人，现在反而超过了我们。这对我们确实是一个鞭策。 那些曾经向我们学习过的人现在已经超过了我们。这对我们确实是一个挑战。 It is just great to be recognized for what you love to do. 做你喜欢做的事，又得到认可，那才叫棒。,翻译长句，有两点至关重要：第一，对原文的准确理解；第二，恰如其分的表达。 在理解阶段，首先要找出整个句子的主句及主句的主语和谓语，了解其中心意思，然后理清各个修饰语和被修饰语之间的关系，掌握各层次的内容，进而按照逻辑顺序把句子的各个部分内容组成一句完整的话语。,在表达阶段，先将每个划开的单

7、句逐一翻译，然后将译出的句子进行调整和组合，最后对译文进行加工润色。 长句翻译的处理方法有两种：一是大致按原文句子结构顺序进行翻译（简称顺序法），二是按照汉语的逻辑顺序进行翻译（简称变序法）。,In Africa I met a boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days. 在非洲，我遇到一个小孩子，他哭得很伤心，我问他为什么，他说他饿了，因为两天没有吃东西了。,顺序法是

8、指有些英语长句的叙事层次与汉语相仿，基本上可按原文顺序译出，为了使前后语气衔接，可增加必要的词语。例如： I suppose that if a man has a confused mind he will write in a confused way, if he has a quick, darting intelligence that is reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things, he will, unless he has great self-control, load his pages with metapho

9、r and simile.,I suppose that if a man has a confused mind he will write in a confused way, if he has a quick, darting intelligence that is reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things, he will, unless he has great self-control, load his pages with metaphor and simile. 我认为，如果一个人思路不清，他写文章也不可能写得清

10、楚，如果他思维敏捷，由眼前的事情联想到一百件事情，要是不能尽力约束自己，就会在文章里写满各种各样的比喻。,I do not believe in fate that falls on us no matter what we do，but，I do believe in fate that will fall on us if we do nothing. 我不相信，无论我们做什么，我们的命运都一样；但是我相信，如果我们什么都不做，我们的命运是一样的。（美国前总统里根）,变序法是指英语长句的表达顺序往往与汉语表达顺序大相径庭，英语最重要的信息往往出现在句首, 然后再交代条件/原因等；而汉语往往

11、先将背景情况铺陈开来，说明条件/原因等信息，然后再说出结果等最重要的信息，有时则按照时间的先后安排语序，因而汉译时需要按汉语的表达习惯调整原文顺序。,And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born. 原译：他清楚他该有多尴尬，如果她知道他有这样的母亲，知道他出生在这样的地方，知道他出生在这样的人中间的话。 改译：他有这样的母

12、亲，他生在这样的地方，他出生在这样的人中间，要是这些都让她知道，他明白该有多丢人。,The intelligence test is an attempt to assess the general ability of any child to think , reason, judge, analyze and synthesize by presenting him with situations, both verbal and practical, which are within his range of competence and understanding. 智力测试是试图向

13、儿童提出在他们的能力和理解范围内的一些情况，其中有口述的，也有实际的，以测定儿童的思考推理判断分析和综合的总体能力。,Let me try:,1. In oxygen we have a different problem, for although both a research chemist and a chemical manufacturer know the element O means oxygen, in practice they have different ideas about it. Thus, if the researcher performed a delic

14、ate experiment, using the manufacturers oxygen it might easily be a failure since the so-called O, whether used as a solid, liquid or gas, would almost certainly contain other substances.,2. Solutions of the problem of old age have to be considered against a historical background of slow but substan

15、tial changes in Chinese family structure, caused by rising living standards and family planning.,1. 就氧而言, 我们遇到一个不同的问题, 因为虽然化学研究工作者和化学品制造商都知道元素O指的是氧, 但在实践中他们关于氧的概念都不一样。因而, 假定研究工作者用制造商生产的氧来做一次精确度很高的实验, 这实验很可能会失败, 因为这种所谓的氧不论是用其固体、液体或气体，几乎可以肯定都含有杂质。,2. Solutions of the problem of old age have to be cons

16、idered against a historical background of slow but substantial changes in Chinese family structure, caused by rising living standards and family planning. 由于人民生活水平的不断提高以及计划生育，中国的家庭结构发生着缓慢却具有实质性的变化，必须根据这一历史背景考虑如何解决人到老年的问题。,3. Having just left school or technical institute, where they had their place

17、and a task to fulfil and where they were known and esteemed by their collegues, those young people who do not land that first job they were so eagerly looking forward to have to face up for the first time to unemployment, a situation for which neither family nor school has prepared them.,3. Having j

18、ust left school or technical institute, where they had their place and a task to fulfill and where they were known and esteemed by their collegues, those young people who do not land that first job they were so eagerly looking forward to have to face up for the first time to unemployment, a situatio

19、n for which neither family nor school has prepared them.,那些刚从学校或技术学院毕业的年轻人，在学校他们有自己的职务和需要执行的任务，被同学所了解，受同学尊敬，但毕业后他们没有得到他们热切向往的第一份工作就要面对第一次失业，对于这种情况，家庭和学校都没有事先准备好。081 Team 4 那些年轻人离开了学校或者技校，在那里，他们获得求学机会并且完成学业，为大家所认识，得到同学的尊重。他们没有得到他们很渴望的第一份工作，在家人和学校没有为他们做准备的情形下，他们不得不第一次面临失业。 091 （415宿舍）,对那些年轻人来说，在大学或技术学

20、校他们有属于他们的位置，有能够满足他们需求的任务，有他们熟悉的事物，有尊敬他们的同学，然而刚离开学校，因没有找到他们急切希望得到的第一份工作，他们不得不面对他们第一次的失业，这种情况无论是学校还是家庭，都不是他们所期望的。093 第6组 对于那些刚离开大学或技术学校的年轻人来说，离开曾经学习的地方，离开曾经得到同伴的认可和尊敬的地方之后，并不能得到自己曾热切盼望的首份工作，这种情况是家庭和学校没能预料到的。0911 第3组,在学校或技校中，有些学生有自己的天地，有任务去完成。在那里，同学们认识他们，同事们崇拜他们。然而，刚离开学校时，他们谋求不到第一份热切期待的工作时，他们不得不面对一个学校或

21、家庭都没有为他们做好准备工作的处境失业。096 朱璇燕 等 （参考译文）：青年人在学校或技术学院都各得其所，各有自己需要完成的任务，受到同学的了解和尊重。而现在，他们刚刚离校，却找不到自己孜孜以求的第一个职业， 不得不面对有生以来的第一次失业。对于这种情况，无论是家庭还是学校都没有帮助他们做好准备。,4. Plastics is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal which can be mined through automatic and mech

22、anical processes at less cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcination of limestone widely present in nature. 塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。水是取之不尽的到处可以获得的天然资源；煤是用自动化和机械化的方法开采的，成本较低；石灰是由煅烧自然界中广泛存在的石灰石得来的。,英语构句从“关系着眼”，不在乎时间顺序和逻辑顺序。 汉语构句从“动词着眼”，在乎时间顺序和逻辑顺序。例如： He had returned the previous evening from a tou

23、r of the countryside, and wanted to go through the papers that had accumulated in his absence before visiting hours started.,He had returned the previous evening from a tour of the countryside, and wanted to go through the papers that had accumulated in his absence before visiting hours started. 他下乡

24、去视察了一回，在他下乡期间积压了一些公文；昨天傍晚他刚回来，现在他要在会客时间开始之前，把这些公文翻阅一下。 他昨天傍晚从乡下视察回来，他要在会客时间开始之前把下乡期间积压的公文翻阅一下。,试译： The era of blatant discrimination ended in the 1960s through the courageous actions of thousands of blacks participating in peaceful marches and sit-ins to force Southern states to implement the Federa

25、l desegregation laws in schools and public accommodation.,The era of blatant discrimination ended in the 1960s through the courageous actions of thousands of blacks participating in peaceful marches and sit-ins to force Southern states to implement the Federal desegregation laws in schools and publi

26、c accommodation. 原译：明显的种族歧视时期结束于20世纪60年代，这是通过成千上万的黑人勇敢无畏的行动得以实现的。他们进行了和平的游行示威和静坐以迫使南方政府废除在学校和公共场所的种族歧视法。,The era of blatant discrimination ended in the 1960s through the courageous actions of thousands of blacks participating in peaceful marches and sit-ins to force Southern states to implement the

27、Federal desegregation laws in schools and public accommodation. 改译：20世纪60年代，成千上万的黑人参加和平示威游行和静坐，经过英勇卓绝的斗争迫使南方各州实行联邦政府关于在学校和公共场所废除种族隔离的法律，从而结束了公然歧视黑人的年代。 通过对句子首重心的调整，把原句按照时间因果顺序重新排列，句子重心后移，符合汉语行文的习惯。,分译法与合译法,分/拆译法(Division)：为了符合汉语表达习惯, 也为了更清楚地表达原文意思，在翻译时可以改变原文结构，把原文的某个成分从原来的结构中分离出来，译成一个独立成分、从句或并列分句。 此

28、处所谓的句子不在于结尾处用句号，而在于有无主谓结构。,英语长句需要拆句，因为英语的长句结构复杂，给理解和表达带来困难。然而，为了修辞效果, 表达习惯等的需要，有时对英语的短句也用拆译法，拆成更短的句子。例: Buckley was in a clear minority. 巴克利属于少数派，这是明摆着的事实。 Im not the first person who has made mistakes. 我不是第一个犯错误的人。 犯错误的人多的是，我又不是头一个！,分译/拆译法大致有三种形式:顺拆法、倒拆法、抽词拆译法。 顺拆是把句子按意群分成片段，将片段按原来的顺序译出。但拆译后的句子相互间必

29、须衔接，这往往需要加词。 They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread more furiously throughout the country. 他们企图扑灭反抗，结果反抗越来越猛，遍及全国。,倒拆则是打乱原来的顺序，将后面的提前译出。例: They remarked now he took a different seat from that which he usually occupied when he chose to attend divine worship. 他往常做礼拜的时候，总坐在固定的座位上，可是那天他们发现他不坐在

30、老位置了。 There is a universal tendency of every body to move towards every other body. 每个物体都要向其他任何一个物体移动, 这是一个普遍存在的倾向。,抽词拆译，顾名思义是将句子中某个词抽出来，另行翻译。有的词如果按原文的结构翻译不好处理，这时如将这个词译成句子就能更准确地表达出原意，译文也比较通顺。 That guy was the most identifiable fox. 那个家伙十分狡猾，这是大家很容易看出来的。 I tried vainly to persuade him to change his m

31、ind. 我试图说服他改变主意，但我失败了。,Let me try: 1. Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof. 执法部门不能负责任地对此不闻不问。 执法部门如果负责任，就不能对此不闻不问。 2. Jerry quickly ordered everyone to put on life jackets, and tried unsuccessfully to put out the fire. 杰里立即叫大家穿上救生衣，并且奋力灭火，但却无济于事。,3. On behalf of all of your American guests

32、, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality, for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world. 我谨代表你们所有的美国客人向你们表示感谢，感谢你们的盛情款待，这种盛情是无可比拟的。中国人民以好客闻名于世，名不虚传。,4. Illogically, she hopes to pass the exam without learning hard. 她希望不用好好学就可以通过考试, 这是不合逻辑的。 5. He unnecessarily spe

33、nt a lot of time introducing this book, which the students are familiar with. 他花了很长时间介绍这本书，其实没有必要，因为学生们对它已经很熟悉了。,合译法(Combination)：和分译法不同，合译法是将不同的句子成分组合在一起，使其更符合汉语的表达方法。 一般说来，英语句子要比汉语句子长，一个英语句子要比汉语句子具有更大容量。因此，在汉译英时常会把两个或两个以上的汉语句子翻译成一个英语句子。比较口语化的英语句子也较短，在英译汉时也会使用合译法。,例如: She was born in a very small town. The town is in the north of China near the sea. 她出生在中国北方一个沿海的小镇。 When we praise her, we are not merely being polite. 我们对她的赞扬不仅仅出于礼貌。 It was midnight, and the