英语修辞归纳.ppt

1、Rhetoric,The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the exploitation of figures of speech and other compositional techniques. (broad) 写作；修辞学,Rhetoric,It can be dated back to 400 B.C., the Aristotle time. Oral skill / argumentation Stress oratory 演讲术,Figures of speech,A word o

2、r phrase used in a non-literal sense to add rhetorical force or interest to a spoken or written passage. (narrow) 修辞；修辞格,Functions of Figures of speech,In everyday speech and writing and in literature the chief functions of figures of speech are probably to embellish（润色）, to emphasize or to clarify.

3、 They are used to give tone or atmosphere to discourse（演讲）, to provide vivid（鲜明的，生动的） examples, to stimulate thought by startling the reader or listener, to give life to inanimate objects, to amuse, or to ornament（修饰）.,Types of Figures of speech,Figures of speech exist in almost endless variety and

4、many are closely related or intricately overlap（杂乱的重叠）, hence no completely satisfactory system of classification has ever been devised. The following may be considered one of the serviceable（耐用的） classification of the present day.,Types of Figures of speech,1. Figures of resemblance or relationship

5、. 2. Figures of emphasis or understatement. 3. Figures of sound. 4. Verbal games and gymnastics.,Figures of resemblance or relationship,Simile（明喻）: is a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another of a different kind by using the words: as, like, asas, etc. Two things compare

6、d must be dissimilar and the basis of resemblance is usually an abstract quality.,Simile,1. My heart is like a singing bird. 2. I wondered lonely as a cloud. 3. He is as cunning as a fox. 4. The pen is to a writer what the gun to a fighter. 5. He had no more idea of money than a cow. 6. Love and cou

7、gh cannot be hidden.,Figures of resemblance or relationship,Metaphor暗喻: is a figure of speech in which two different things are compared without the use of words “as, like, asas, etc.”. An implied not stated simile.,Metaphor,He is an old fox. All the world is a stage. His clothes are loud. Her answe

8、rs were cold. Lets go to see the mouth of the volcano. There was a storm of applause. The Mississippi River was the main artery（干道） of transportation in the young nations heart.,Figures of resemblance or relationship,Personification拟人: is a figure of speech that attributes a personal nature and huma

9、n characteristics to something non-human, or the presentation of an abstract quality in human form. This figure is frequently used in literature, especially in poetry,to add beauty and vividness to description.,Personification,3 chief kinds: 1) That produced by the use of adj.: The smiling moon; the

10、 blushing rose; the thirsty ground 2) That produced by the use of verbs: The kettle sings; the waves danced 3) That produced by the use of nouns: The smiles of spring; the whisper of leaves,Figures of resemblance or relationship,Metonymy转喻: is a figure of speech that means the change of name of one

11、thing for that of another with which it is closely related. Its function is to express an idea briefly and effectively by compressing much into a single word or a short noun phrase.,Metonymy,1) the container for the thing in it The mother did her best to look after the cradle（摇篮）. 2) instrument, etc

12、 for the thing or person The pen is mightier than the sword. 3) cause and effect for each other All the pavement streamed with massacre（大屠杀）. The fish desperately takes the death.,Metonymy,4) Distinctive feature for its owner The grey hair should be respected. 5) a proper term for a common name or v

13、ice versa Uncle Sam: American Solomen: smart person John Bull: British people Romeo: lover Judas: traitor,Metonymy,6) the symbol of a person or an object for the person or object He succeeded to the crown. Red tape(official routine) 7) the thing made by the person for the person himself I have never

14、 read Li Bai.,Figures of resemblance or relationship,Synecdoche提喻: is a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or the vice versa.,Synecdoche,1) the part for the whole How to earn the daily bread is the problem. Great minds think alike. 2) the whole for the part China beat Ja

15、pan at basketball. All the plants in this cold place become green in the smiling year.,Synecdoche,3) individual for the whole He is the Newton of the century. 4) the abstract for the concrete It was not only writers, it was a thoroughly representatives gathering science, politics, business, art. Lif

16、e was a weariness（疲倦） to him.,Synecdoche,5) the concrete for the abstract It was the circumstances that developed the poet in him. I had the muscle, and they made money out it.,Figures of resemblance or relationship,Euphemism委婉语: the substitution of an inoffensive expression for one that may be disa

17、greeable. Pass away: die Misinform: lie Remains: corpse遗体 Visiting the necessary: going to the toilet,Figures of emphasis or understatement,Hyperbole夸张: is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis, not intended to be understood literally. Overstatement; exaggeration,Hy

18、perbole,The wave ran mountain high. America laughed with Mark Twain. His speech brought the house down. The cheese with a 200 horsepower scent can knock a man over at 200 yards. I am scared to death. I beg 1000 pardons. She smiled, and all the world was gay.,Figures of emphasis or understatement,Und

19、erstatement: is a figure of speech that is the representation of sth. as being smaller or less good or important than it really is. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately understating it, impressing the reader or listener more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by ba

20、re statement.,Understatement,He lost his racing car which was something of a handicap in a bicycle race. We are none of us getting any younger. The man is no fool. His speech leaves much to be desired.,Figures of emphasis or understatement,Litotes含蓄渲染: an ironical understatement in which an affirmat

21、ive is expressed by the negative of its contrary. Greek 双重否定,Litotes,The face was not a bad one; it had what we called charm. He did not try in vain. Such accidents are not uncommon. This is not all unpleasant. The German fleet was not an unworthy( formidable) opponent.,Figures of emphasis or unders

22、tatement,Antithesis平行对照: is the setting of contrasting phrases of parallel grammatical structure for emphasis or humor, usually with more stress on the latter.,Antithesis,One bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. The quest for righteousness is Oriental, the quest for knowledge is Occidental. Go

23、od breeding consists in concealing how much we think of ourselves and how little we think of the other person. A friend exaggerates a mans virtues, an enemy his crimes.,Figures of emphasis or understatement,Oxymoron: a kind of compressed antithesis that links two sharply contrasting terms,which in s

24、pite of their incongruity, actually contains a certain truth. phrase One modifies the other,Oxymoron,Cheerful pessimist the joyful pain glorious defeat living death Bitter sweet freezing fire Irritatingly perfect orderly chaos,Figures of emphasis or understatement,Contrast对照: is the state of strikin

25、gly different from something else, typically something in juxtaposition or close association. It is a term in fine art, in the sense “juxtapose so as to bring out differences in form and color”. 将两种相反的事物并列起来，互相衬托，显现其形式和色彩方面的差异。,Contrast,When a king approaches, all rise in respect. Diogenes merely sa

26、t up on one elbow. When a monarch enters a place all greet him with a bow, or an acclamation. Diogenes said nothing. If the enemy stay down, can the Conservatives stay up? It came as the joyous daybreak to end the long night of captivity.,Contrast and antithesis,1. Antithesis more stresses the simil

27、ar , symmetric or parallel structure; While Contrast not. 2. Contrast expresses opposite ideas; while Antithesis can also express association in addition to opposite ideas,Contrast and antithesis,1. A mother takes 20 years to make a man of her boy, and another woman makes a fool of him in 20 minutes

28、. contrast 2. A mother takes 20 years to make a man of her boy, and another woman takes 20 minutes to make a fool of him. antithesis,Figures of emphasis or understatement,Parallelism: the use of successive verbal constructions corresponds in grammatical structure, sound, meaning, etc. When two or mo

29、re ideas are related in function and purpose, they can and should be phrased in the same grammatical form( words, phrases, clauses, etc.). Expressing ideas of equal importance; giving emphasis, clarity and coherence to ideas and sentences.,Parallelism,Lumber, corn, tobacco, wheat, and furs moved dow

30、nstream to the delta country. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. It is human, perhaps, to appreciate little that we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as a mere convenience rather than a

31、s a means of adding fullness to life.,Figures of emphasis or understatement,Repetition: repeats something that has already been said or done. It is the most effective device used in literature, especially, in speech, to stress strong emotions, urgent appeals or the significance of certain actions, a

32、s repetition can create good rhythm and parallelism to make the language musical, emphatic and attractive.,Repetition,1) Gentleman may cry, Peace, Peace, but there is no peace. 2) Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York! Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvani

33、a! Let freedom ring from the. 3) Like draws like; Like cures like 4) If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong.,Figures of emphasis or understatement,Rhetorical question: a question neither requiring nor intended to produce a reply but asked for emphasis. The assumption is that only one answer is po

34、ssible. Was I not at the scene of the crime? If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?,Figures of emphasis or understatement,Irony: achieves emphasis or humor by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.,Irony,This diligent stud

35、ent seldom reads more than an hour per month. Until we are march backward to the glorious age of the 16th century. It must be very delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in ones pocket.,Figures of emphasis or understatement,Sarcasm 讽刺: is a hard form of irony. Its aim is to

36、belittle and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. The use of irony to mock or convey contempt.,Sarcasm,Oh, you are really my great friend, arent you? He is very generous indeed. Men trifle with their politics and business, but they never trifle with their games. No poverty of any kind, except

37、 of conversation, appeared but there the deficiency was considerable.,Figures of emphasis or understatement,Ridicule: instance of being made fun of. Bryan, aging and paunchy, was assisted in his prosecution by his son Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. (raining, bald )You dont have to worry abou

38、t you hair.,Figures of emphasis or understatement,Parody: using the words, thought, or style of an author, but a slight change adapting them to a new purpose or ridiculously inappropriate subject; The imitation or exaggeration of traits of style so as to make them appear ludicrous.,Parody,Britannia

39、rues the waves. Ask not your parents will do for you, ask what you can do for your parents. And where there are agents, can counteragents be far behind: ?,Figures of emphasis or understatement,Climax: arrangement of phrases or sentences ( at least 3 units) in ascending order of importance.,Climax,So

40、me books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. The drunkard smashed the glasses, upturned the table, and hit an old woman. He gazed upon the pretty houses, the green hills and the broad Pacific.,Figures of emphasis or understatement,Anti-climax: the sudden

41、 appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following one or more significant or elevated ideas. Anti-climax is usually comic,humor, contemptuous in effect.,Anti-climax,The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes. Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and h

42、appy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its oysters.,Anti-climax,Alas!Alas! What shall I do? Ive lost my wife, my car and my best hat. He sprang to his feet, flung off his coat, drew his sword, jumped upon the enemy, and burped.,Figures of emphasis or understatement,Z

43、eugma: a single word, usually a verb or adj., is used to modify two or more words in the same sentence, with only one of which it seems logically connected so as to create witty effect.,Zeugma,Kill that man and his luggage. I used to organize my fathers tools, my mothers kitchen utensils, and my sis

44、ters boyfriend. He left in a huff (angrily)and a taxi( go by a taxi). 轭式修饰法 / 粘连,Zeugma,To make flying more comfortable, we went to great lengths竭尽全力- and great width业务广泛. Its better to have a patched jacket than to have a patched character( shortcomings thought provoking).,Figures of sound,Allitera

45、tion: the use of a phrase or sentence of words beginning with the same letter or sound to create good rhythm and music effect. Alliteration should be used only when the writer makes a strong emotional response to his subject.,Alliteration,I count the clock that tells the time. Spare the rod, and spo

46、il the child. Jazzy in jeans, sassy in sweater. 穿上牛仔裤，活泼利索；穿上毛线衫，潇洒俊朗。 A fair face may hide a foul gold. 笑里藏刀,Figures of sound,Assonance母韵: the use of the same or related vowel sounds in successive words to create a musical rhythm and sound effect in language.,Assonance,Happiness in marriage is enti

47、rely a matter of chance. The rains in Spain stays mainly in the plain. Little strokes fell great oaks.水滴石穿 The great Mississippi, the majestic, the magnificent Mississippi, rolling its mile-wide tide along, shining in the sun,Figures of sound,Consonance辅韵: is the recurrence of similar consonants aft

48、er different vowels in close proximity. Not the same accented vowel before the same consonant sounds. Eg.: Great works are performed not by strength but by perseverance. First and foremost the refugees needed food.,Figures of sound,Rhyme 尾韵:is correspondence of sound between words or the endings of

49、words, especially when these are used at the ends of lines of poetry. 3 basic qualities:1) the same accented vowel; 2) the same sound after the accented vowel; 3) different letters before the accented vowel.,Two categories of rhymes,Masculine rhyme: the rhyming sounds involves only one syllable. Eg.

50、: Cold and bold; Feminine rhyme: the rhyming sounds involves two or more syllables. Eg.: Spitefully and delightfully,Figures of sound,Onomatopoeia:the use of words that, when pronounced, suggest their meaning, such as “hiss” or “buzz”. The moan of doves in immemorial elms, and murmuring of innumerab

51、le bees. The ice cracked and growled.,Verbal games and gymnastics,Transferred epithet: the transference of an epithet( an adj. or descriptive phrase) to a noun which it is not appropriately modify.,Transferred epithet,Throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder. A cold flickering of stars. To watch

52、the storm from their spectacular vantage point. Gray peace pervaded the wilderness-ringed Argentia Bay in Newfoundland.,Verbal games and gymnastics,Pun: a play on words based on similarity of sound and sharp difference in meaning to achieve humor or to express profound feelings.,Verbal games and gym

53、nastics,Puns can be constructed either by homophones(words with the same or almost the same sound, but different spelling and meaning) or homonyms( words with the same sound and spelling but two or more different meanings),Pun,1) Seven days without water make one weak. 2) - “Mine is a long tale!” sa

54、id the mouse, turning to Alice and sighing. - “It is a long tail, certainly,” said Alice, “ but why do you call it sad?” 3) One shop announced: Darwin Is RightInside.,Exercise,1. -“you are not eating your fish. Anything wrong with it?” the waitress said to him. - “long time no sea.” the man replied.pun 2.John is a man of no co