人大版研究生英语提高级07

1、lesson 7,a christmas sermon on peace,catalogue,introduction to the author,discourse analysis,oral practice through discussion,language points,keys to exercises,oral practice through debate,text,i have a dream,introduction to the author,king, martin luther, jr. (1929-1968) was u.s civil rights leader

2、. born in atlanta, he became an adherent of non-violence philosophies while in college. ordained a baptist minister in 1954, he became pastor of a church in montgomery, atlanta.,he received his doctorate from boston university in 1955. he was selected head of the montgomery improvement association,

3、whose efforts soon ended the citys public transport segregation policies.,introduction to the author,introduction to the author,in 1957, he formed the southern christian leadership conference(南方基督教领导会议) and began lecturing nationwide, urging active nonviolence to achieve civil rights for blacks.,int

4、roduction to the author,in 1960, he returned to atlanta to become copastor with his father of ebenezer baptist church. he was arrested for protesting segregation at a church counter and jailed.,discourse analysis,part 1:,the time has come for peace now the time has come for man to experiment with no

5、nviolence in all areas of human conflict, and that means nonviolence on an international scale.,para.1-2,part 2:,para. 3-9,a. para. 3-5 if we are to have peace on earth, our loyalties must become ecumenical rather than sectional. our loyalties must transcend our race, our tribe, our class, and our n

6、ation; and this means we must develop a world perspective.,discourse analysis,the conditions for achieving peace:,c. para. 9 if we are to have peace on earth and goodwill towards men, all must also be concerned about the nonviolent affirmation of the sacredness of all human life.,discourse analysis,

7、oral practice through,discussion: questions and answers:,q 1: why does the author say “this christmas season finds us a rather bewildered human race?”,a 1: we have neither peace within nor peace without. everywhere as a kind of pious dream of some utopian. (see line 1-5 para.1),q 2: why is it import

8、ant that we have goodwill toward all men in this world?,a 2: if we dont have goodwill toward men in this world, we will destroy ourselves by the misuse of our own instruments and our own power.,oral practice through discussion,q 3: why does the author say “good will toward man” instead of saying “go

9、od will toward good man”?,a 3: (suggested answer) who are good? who are evil? who knows but god knows. maybe god had the power to make judgments. men on earth have no right to judge one another. just as the bible says (new testament luke 6:37) “judge not, and ye shall not be judged.”,oral practice t

10、hrough discussion,q 4: what is the authors attitude toward war?,a 4: wisdom born of experience should tell us that war is obsolete then we must find an alternative to war. (line 7-12,para. 1),oral practice through discussion,q 5: according to king, why is peace on earth a more urgent question in our

11、 time than in the past?,a 5: because people find themselves rather bewildered in this christmas season. they feel no peace and tranquility but haunting fears in their inner heart. war is likely to break out at any moment. some people may even dismiss the christmas hope for peace and good will toward

12、 all men as a kind of pious dream of some utopian. therefore, peace on earth becomes a more urgent question in our time than in the past.,oral practice through discussion,q 6: how is the idea of nonviolence related to this urgency?,a 6: because some may argue that war can serve as a negative good by

13、 preventing the spread and growth of an evil force, but the very destructive power of modern weapons of warfare eliminates even the possibility that war may any longer serve as a negative good. thus, war and violence should give way to nonviolent means for peace on earth.,oral practice through discu

14、ssion,q 7: why does the author suggest that modern men go all out to study the meaning of nonviolence, its philosophy and its strategy?,a 7: the author believes war is obsolete and can no longer serve as a negative alternative good that can prevent the spread and growth of all evil force. an alterna

15、tive to war must be found the christian hope of peace on earth and good- will towards all men. according to the author, nonviolence is the right way to realize this christian hope.,oral practice through discussion,q 8: what does the author mean by “nonviolence on an international scale”?,a 8: we hav

16、e experimented with the meaning of nonviolence in our struggle for racial justice in the united states nonviolence on an international scale. (para. 2),oral practice through discussion,q 9: what must we do if we are to have peace on earth?,a 9: if we are to have peace on earth, our loyalties must be

17、come ecumenical rather than sectionaland this means we must develop a world perspective. (line 1-2, para. 3),oral practice through discussion,q 10: why should we have a global perspective?,a 10: no individual can live alone or we are going to perish together as fools (line 3-6, para.3; line 1, para.

18、 4),oral practice through discussion,q 11: what does the author want to say by mentioning his experience in bombay and calcutta?,a 11: as nations and individuals, we are interrelated and interdependent. whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. (para. 5),oral practice through discussion

19、,q 12: in what way does the author demonstrate his point that nations and individuals are interdependent?,a 12: by giving vivid examples to show that we are made to live together by the interrelated structure of our universe. (para. 5),oral practice through discussion,q 13: what is the authors attit

20、ude towards ends and means?,a 13: ends and means must cohere. (para. 6),oral practice through discussion,q 14: why ends and means must cohere?,a 14: because means represent the ideal in the making the end represents the tree. (line 6, para. 7),oral practice through discussion,q 15: in what way were

21、the conquerors of old such as alexander, julius caesar, charlemagne, and napoleon similar to one another?,a 15: they were akin in seeking the end of peace through the means of war. (line3, para. 8),oral practice through discussion,q 16: what is the authors attitude towards human life?,a 16: all huma

22、n life is sacred because man is a child of god made in his image and therefore must be respected as much. (lines 2 and 3, para. 9),oral practice through discussion,q 17: what is the authors view on the brotherhood of all men on earth?,a 17: in christ there is neither jew nor gentile; in christ there

23、 is neither male nor female; in christ there is neither communist nor capitalist; in christ there is neither bound nor free. we are all one in christ jesus. (line 12, para. 9),oral practice through discussion,q 18: what should we do when we truly believe in the sacredness of human personality?,a 18:

24、 when we truly believe in the sacredness of human personality, we wont exploit people; we wont trample over people with the iron feet of oppression; we wont kill anybody. (the last 3 lines, para. 9),oral practice through discussion,q 19: what are the messages king intends to impart in his christmas

25、sermon?,a 19: *peace on earth, good will toward men *war is obsolete. *all life is interrelated. *ends and means must cohere. we must pursue peaceful ends through peaceful means. *all human life is sacred *all men on earth are brothers or sisters because we are all one in christ jesus.,oral practice

26、 through discussion,q 20: what are the three conditions king suggests as essential to peace among men? how does he explain and illustrate each condition?,a 20: if we are to have peace on earth, first, our loyalties must become ecumenical rather than sectional; secondly, men and nations must embrace

27、the nonviolent affirmation that means and ends must cohere; and the next thing we must be concerned about is the nonviolence affirmation of the sacredness of all human life. the author illustrates these conditions through persuasive augments and vivid examples.,oral practice through discussion,langu

28、age points,1.this christmas season finds us a rather bewildered human race. (line 1;par.1):,we find ourselves rather bewildered (confused and not certain what to do) in this christmas season.,find: if a particular time (of the day) finds someone doing something or to be in a certain condition, that

29、person is doing the thing mentioned or in a certain condition; a rather literary use发现某人正在做某事或处于某种状态 1;par.1):, 星期日下午，安德鲁舒舒服服地坐在扶手椅里打瞌睡。,sunday afternoon found andrew sleeping happily in the armchair., 她每天早晨都舒适地蹲坐在自己的茅屋前面。,every morning found her squatted comfortably before her hut.,language points,

30、 星期一早晨汤姆一副可怜相。,monday morning found tom miserable.,2. everywhere paralyzing fears harrow people by day and haunt them by night. (line 2-3, para. 1):,everywhere people are distressed and disturbed by stunning fear day and night.,paralyze: to make someone unable to think or behave normally, especially

31、 by frightening them; stun (尤指通过恐吓)使丧失正常思考或行为能力，使吓呆；吓瘫；呆若木鸡, 他被自己看到的景象吓呆了。,what he saw left him paralyzed with fright.,language points, 恐惧使我头脑发呆。,fear paralyzed my mind., 她吓得目瞪口呆。,she was paralyzed with terror.,harrow: torment, vex 折磨；使苦恼；痛苦, 他讲鬼故事使我们不安。,language points,he harrowed us with a tale of

32、 ghosts., 那次船难是一个惨痛的经历。,the shipwreck was a harrowing experience., 那是一次折磨人的面试。,it was a harrowing interview., 难听的话伤了她的感情。,harsh words harrowed her feelings., 她既伤心又着急。,language points,she was harrowed with grief and anxiety.,haunt: disturb, plague; make someone feel worried and upset for a long time

33、萦绕在心头; 缠绕，使担忧，苦恼, 卡罗琳因担心患癌而老是提心吊胆。,caroline was haunted by a fear of cancer., 战争的影像仍萦绕在他的脑海。,images from the war still haunt him., 这是一个使我们大家都担忧不止的问题。,this is a problem that haunts all of us.,language points, 那个迷困扰了我大半辈子。,the mystery had haunted me for most of my life, 作恶者经常心中害怕被发觉,a wrongdoer is con

34、stantly haunted by the fear of discovery.,3. the christmas hope for peace and goodwill toward all men can no longer be dismissed as a kind of pious dream of some utopian. (line 4-5,para. 1):,the christmas hope for peace and goodwill toward all men can no longer be rejected as a kind of impractical (

35、unrealistic) religious dream.,dismiss: reject serious consideration of 不再考虑，拒绝考虑；摒弃；不理会, 这些问题不能再置之不理了。,language points,the problems can no longer be dismissed., 我们不应该仅仅因为它们是老式的而不予考虑。,we shouldnt dismiss them just because they are old-fashioned., 这部长矢口否认收受了贿赂。,the minister dismissed claims that he ha

36、d accepted bribes.,language points,dismiss sth. as sth.,他们的证据被认定毫无价值而不予采用。,their evidence was dismissed as completely worthless.,我并没有把这件事情看作是不值得做的事情而不加理会。,i am not dismissing this as a thing that wasnt worth doing.,4. wisdom born of experience should tell us that war is obsolete. (line 7, para. 1):,

37、language points,wisdom deriving from experience should tell us that war is no longer desirable (old-fashioned).,born of: deriving or resulting from 来源于，来自；由产生, 绝望带来的力量使他强行打开了门。,with a strength born of desperation, he forced open the door., 他以毕生实践获得的速度与技术完成了这一工作。,language points,he did the job with t

38、he speed and expertise born of a lifetime of practice., 布罗迪动怒了那是因挫折和羞辱而产生的一种恨怒。,brody was growing angry an anger born of frustration and humiliation., 有知识才有信心。,confidence is born of knowledge., 有些人认为犯罪是贫穷造成的。,language points,some people believe that crime is born of poverty.,5. modern man really go

39、all out to study the meaning of nonviolence, its philosophy and its strategy. (line 15-16,para. 1),modern man really try as hard as they can to study the meaning of nonviolence, its philosophy and its strategy.,go all out to do sth./for sth.: to put all your energy and determination to get or win so

40、mething 尽最大的努力奋斗；全力以赴；竭尽全力地去奋斗, 总部设在英国的公司尽最大的努力确保海外合同。,language points,uk-based companies are going all out to secure overseas contracts., 我们会竭尽全力在星期六的比赛中大获全胜。,we are going all out for a big win in saturdays game., 他决心全力以赴地去完成任务。,language points,he decided to go all out to fulfill the task., 别相信那人，他

41、只不过是想尽法子去保证他所需要的 一切而已。,dont trust that man. he just goes all out for anything he can get., 我们会全力以赴去完成今年的销售指标。,we are going all out to meet our sales target this year.,6. it really boils down to this. (line 1,para. 5):,language points,it really may be summarized as this.,boil down to: be summarized a

42、s 归结为, 这一切归结起来似乎就是一个“钱”字.,what it all seemed to boil down to was money., 归根结底，这个问题是社会应优先考虑的问题之一。,the question boils down to one of social priorities., 这场争论归根到底是所有权问题。,language points,the debate boils down to the question of ownership., 他们给他的劝告可归结为一句话：他应该注意自己的 身体。,the advice they gave him boiled down

43、 to this: he should take care of his own health., 很难决定买哪种工具，但最终通常取决于价钱。,it is difficult to choose which appliance to buy, but in the end it usually boils down to cost.,7. or maybe youre desirous of having cocoa for breakfast (line 10, para. 5):,language points,or maybe you want to have cocoa for bre

44、akfast.,be desirous of sth.: want to have or do it 渴望;意欲, 佩吉特小姐很想去伦敦旅行吗？,is miss paget desirous of traveling to london?, 他意欲在政府市政机构找到一个职位。,he is desirous of obtaining a position in the civil service., 他渴望成名。,language points,he is keenly desirous of fame., 他们都渴望去国外。,they are all desirous of going abr

45、oad., 我们都渴望成功。,we are all desirous of success.,8. we are all caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied into a single garment of destiny. (line 1-2, para. 5),we have forced to live together in a network of mutual dependence and cannot escape from it, sharing a common fate.,be caught in sth.

46、: be trapped in sth. and cannot escape from it 陷于，陷于而无法解脱,那是一个陷于革命性变迁的痛苦之中的社会。,it is a society caught in the agony of revolutionary change.,language points, 玛丽好像陷身于英国中产阶级的那种可恶的势利心态 而不能自拔。,mary was caught in that dreadful english middle-class trap of snobbishness.,9. men and nations must embrace the

47、nonviolent affirmation that ends and means must cohere. (line 2, para. 6),embrace: 1）hug 拥抱,他们笑着，相互拥抱。,language points,they laughed and embraced each other.,2）include 包含，包括；涵盖, 他的学习课程包括历史、地理和经济学。,his course of study embraces history, geography and economics.,it embraces elements of chemistry, physic

48、s and engineering.,3） adopt ; completely accept something such as a new belief, idea or way of life 接受；信奉,language points, 他热切地接受去欧洲旅行的邀请。,he eagerly embraced the offer of a trip to europe., 它包含了化学、物理学和工程学的一些主要内容。, 她信奉了天主教。,she embraced the catholic faith., 大部分的国家都已经欣然接受了高速铁路的概念。,cohere: be logicall

49、y consistent; hang together (论证、思想、话语等）有条理，连贯；前后一致,没有正确的论证，任何论点都会前后矛盾。,language points,without sound reasoning no argument will cohere.,most countries have enthusiastically embraced the concept of high-speed railways.,10. the conquerors of old , were akin in seeking a peaceful world order. (line 3,p

50、ara. 8),the conquerors of old, were similar to one another in seeking a peaceful world order.,akin to sth.: similar to something 与某物相似的,the political situation here is more akin to dictatorship than democracy., 这些词形同义异。,language points,these words are akin in form but different in meaning., 这里的政治情形更

51、像是专制而非民主。, 训养宠物与教育孩子有些相似。,training pet animals is somewhat akin to training children., 我多少有些恐慌地看着他。, 那工作无聊透了，就像是在挖了个坑又把它填起来 似的。,it was soul destroying work, akin to digging a hole and then filling it in again.,language points,i looked at him with something akin to panic.,11. you will discover that h

52、itler contended that everything he did (line 5, para. 8),you will discover that hitler argue/ assert that everything he did,contend: to argue or state that something is true; to compete against someone in order to gain something,the newspaper have long contended that a severe winter could create per

53、ilous shortage.,language points, 很长一段时间以来，各报纸一直在说，如果冬季严寒， 物资匮乏将达到危险点。, 我认为失业是我们社会最严重的弊端。,i would contend that unemployment is our most serious social evil., 经济学家们认为中国和印度正在崛起，可能在国际舞 台上扮演角色。, 这个小国为了捕鱼权不得不跟一个强大的对手竞争。,language points,economists contend that china and india are emerging as potential glob

54、al players.,the small country has to contend with a powerful adversary about fishing rights.,12. man is a child of god, made in his image, and therefore must be respected as such. (line 7,para. 9),man is a child of god, , and therefore must be respected in that particular capacity.,as such: 1) in th

55、at capacity, manner, form, or function 就以这种身份（或资格）；如所指的人（或事物）那样,he is the author of the article, but he does not desire to be known as such.,language points, 他是文章的作者，但他不想让人知道他是作者。, 有些珍宝不是一下子就可以辨认出来的。,some treasures are not immediately recognizable as such.,2) considered alone; not including anything

56、 that is, or may be, associated with sb / sth 就其本身而论,a name, as such, means nothing.,language points, 姓名本身并无意义。, 单凭长得漂亮未必就有前途。,mere good looks, as such, will not take you far.,keys to exercises,i. reading comprehension,a. d 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. a 7. a 8. c 9. d 10. c,b. the theme:,the time has com

57、e for man to experiment with nonviolence in all areas of human conflict, and that means nonviolence on an international scale.,keys to exercises,2. the conditions to realize peace,a. if we are to have peace on earth, our loyalties must become ecumenical rather than sectional. our loyalties must tran

58、scend our race, our tribe, our class, and our nation; and this means we must develop a world perspective.,b. if we are to have peace in the world, men and nations must embrace the nonviolent affirmation that ends and means must cohere. and we must pursue peaceful ends through peaceful means.,keys to

59、 exercises,c. if we are to have peace on earth and goodwill toward men, we must also be concerned about the nonviolent affirmation of the sacredness of all human life.,keys to exercises,.vocabulary,a. 1.d 2.d 3.d 4.b 5.c 6.a 7.b 8.d 9.a 10.d,b. 1.is born of 2.go all out 3.justified 4.believe in 5.to transcend 6.be boiled down to 7.in the final analysis 8.were trampled 9.contended 10.in pursuit of,1.yearning 2.expressed 3.intimate 4.get along with 5.understanding 6.in return 7.operating 8.appeal 9.emotio