3.文化的定义(中西文化不同)

1、1,Intercultural Communication,Understanding Cultures Culture Defined 文化的定义,Presentation 3,Culture is a Bridge.,2,CONTENTS,1. The Culture Defined 2. The Cultural Characteristics 3. The Cultural Differences,3,1.Cultures Defined,4,Define cultures yourself,Today, culture is a word that we often hear, re

2、ad and even talk of, such as Chinese culture, English culture, Tea culture, Campus culture, and so on. But when it comes to the meaning of culture, it may not be easy to give it a satisfactory definition. Please write down whatever comes to your mind when you hear or think of culture. Next, try to f

3、igure out how they are related to culture.,5,Culture sometimes is so simple, as we have it almost anywhere and anytime; culture sometimes is so inclusive, as we have so many definitions for it, when it is defined by different peoples in different countries, probably more than 150 definitions. Cultur

4、e is not easy to define, nor is there a consensus among scholars, philosophers and politicians as to what exactly the concept should include.,6,Liang Shuming, a well-known Chinese scholar, the last Confuscianist in China, offers three aspects of culture in his book Culture (2) Social life such as li

5、festyles, social organizations, and political and economic relation; (3) Spiritual life such as religion, philosophy, value systems, science and art.,7,The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively; The customs, civilizations and achievement of a particula

6、r time or people; Improvement by mental or physical training.,Defined by Oxford Dictionary,8,Culture is usually understood in both broad sense and narrow sense. Culture can be defined as “attributes of man” in its broad sense, including what distinguishes man from the rest part of the world. When cu

7、lture is contrasted with nature, it can be defined as “life way of a population” in its narrow sense, meaning what characterizes the particular way of life of a population.,Culture in broad sense and narrow sense,9,Culture is sometimes understood as large C culture and small c culture. Culture in th

8、e sense of “attributes of man” is known as large C culture or academic culture. Culture in the sense of “life way of a population” is called small c culture or anthropological culture.,Large C culture and small C culture,10,The small c culture is sometimes compared to the software of the mind, as it

9、 defines peoples thinking, action, etc. -how people get married (their customs) -what people teach their children about right and wrong (their values) -what people think is beautiful (their beliefs) -how people look at each other when they are talking (their nonverbal communication) -what people stu

10、dy in school (their institutions) . . .,11,big C refers to achievement culture and small c refers to “behavior culture. The former in most western countries usually refers to such things as education, history, geography, institutions, literature, art, music, and so on. The latter, similar to the abo

11、ve definitions, means the way of life of a people, and it has now been broadened to include values, beliefs and perceptions. It is this small c that plays an essential part in intercultural communication, and so it is the focus of this book.,12,Definition Final,1) Culture is the total way of life th

12、at a group of people shares. 2) Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.,13,3) Culture is an Integrated sy

13、stem of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the result of biological inheritance. 4) Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial rel

14、ations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.,14,5) Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spati

15、al relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.,15,6) Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and

16、 passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.,Definition Final,16,Elements of Culture,17,2. Characteristics of Culture,18,1) Culture is shared,The members of a culture share a set of ideals, values, and standards of behaviors, and this set of ideals is what gives meaning t

17、o their lives, and what bond them together as a culture.,19,Actually, culture is not innate sensibility, but a learned characteristic. Children begin learning about their own culture at home with their immediate family and how they interact each other, how they dress, and the rituals they perform. W

18、hen the children are growing in the community, their cultural education is advanced by watching social interactions, taking part in cultural activities and rituals in the community, forming their own relationships and taking their place in the culture.,2)Culture is learned,20,In order for the cultur

19、e to be transmitted from one person to the next, and from one generation to the next, a system of symbols needs to be created that translates the ideals of the culture to its members. This is accomplished through language, art, religion and money.,3) Culture is based on symbols.,21,For the sake of k

20、eeping the culture, functioning all aspects of the culture must be integrated. For example, the language must be able to describe all the functions within the culture in order for ideas and ideals to be transmitted from one person to another. Without the integration of language into the fabric of th

21、e culture, confusion and dysfunction would reign and the culture would fail.,4) Culture is integrated,22,It is necessary to recognize that cultures are dynamic rather than static. They are constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Cultures c

22、hange through three most common mechanisms: innovation, diffusion and acculturation (calamity).,5) Culture is subjective to change,23,Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication

23、, is correct. Ethnocentrists believe their culture is the central culture and other cultures are incorrect, ineffective, or quaint.,6) Culture is ethnocentric,24,. History offers so many examples of how cultures have changed as a result of laws, shifts in values, natural disasters, wars, or calamiti

24、es. More and more women work as CEOs in major companies and as officials in government instead of remaining at home looking after children. Both women and men have made adaptation to this cultural change.,7) Culture is adaptive,25,3. The Difference between Chinese and Western Cultures,26,CC: Man is

25、an integral part of nature, comply with the wishes of nature. (天人合一，顺天应物) WC: Man is separate from nature, try to conquer the nature. (天人相分，征服自然),Man and Nation,27,CC: Family ethnics first (家族伦理本位) WC: Individuals first （个人本位）,Conception of Family,28,CC: Believe in harmony and the Doctrine of the Me

26、an. 贵和尚中。 WC: Trust in the spirit of reasons. 理性精神。,Man and Man,29,The way of life,Individual vs Group,30,The way of making comments,Direct vs Indirect,31,Punctuality,On time vs Late,32,Personal Relationship,Simple vs Complex,33,Standing in a queue,Line vs Fan,34,Walking in a street on weekends,A fe

27、w vs a crowd,35,Time for a shower,In the morning vs in the evening,36,Daily life of old people,With a dog vs with a child,37,Voice of talking in public,Low vs high,38,Idea of oneself,Individual-centered vs group-centered,39,Leadership,Equal vs power,40,Western: small, intimate family, retirement hom

28、e, the old are separated, children leave early; being independent and look after themselves. Parents never interfere with their children affairs when they are old enough.,Family,41,Old separated,Young independent,42,Washington left his office and remained on his farm till his death, refusing to go b

29、ack frequently to White House for advice. The county needs the civil officers rather than the military officer when it is in peace.,Washington and his Country,43,Eastern: extended (relatives included), aged stay with family, the old are respected, children stay until married; children can never be c

30、ompletely independent and are children with their parents around.,44,A photo of a farm family,A photo of Ba Jins Family,45,western: performance oriented, little rote memory, ability to solve problems; practical competence of running a business is more important.,Education,46,Eastern: experience orie

31、nted, much memorization, the more experienced you are, the more popular you will be; you will be regarded well-educated if you can recite some ancient poems.,47,In 1979, one Chinese educational delegation went to the United States and one US educational delegation came to China and both of them made

32、 a report after their visits.,Two Educational Reports,48,The Chinese report said The American students were much self-confident and independent. Their teachers encouraged them to do so instead of correcting them. The pupils knew limited vocabulary and solved mathematics problems with their fingers,

33、but they all had a strong desire for great inventions. In class, students were free to walk from seat to seat, talking without being controlled.,49,The US students in class,50,The American report said The students sat on seats with their hands on the back. The teachers just talked and talked for sev

34、eral periods having no time for water. The students had much assignment called homework. Those who had the highest score would be prized as “Three Good Students” with certificates.,51,The Chinese students in class,52,Western:, time oriented relationships (work, free time), make an appointment before

35、 you go to see anyone, no appointment, no business. Law superior to friendship and kinsfolk.,Attitudes and Ideas,Eastern: person oriented relationships (hospitality), friendship is everything, superior to law,53,Colors,No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as reprinting the

36、 same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached.,54,A wedding ceremony,55,A Wedding Ceremony,A funeral,56,Red paper bag containing money as a gift,57,The red carpet: lay out the red carpet,58,A red card

37、for their marriage; or for his health,59,It is easy to discover the position or rank in a conversation or talk in China, as they seldom use the names only, usually with a title. On the contrary, the westerners have the habit of using names for teachers, within a family, in an office.,60,Two difficul

38、ties we may have when we translate meaning of concepts from one language to another. Different languages organize the experience in their own way.,Languages,61,He is my brother.,62,He who teaches me one day is my father for life.,63,Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we

39、 stand signed the Emancipation Proclamation. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. - I have a dream,64,A day together as husband and wife means the endless devotion the rest of your life. A day away from a dear one

40、 is like three years.,65,Traveling on the same boat results from a destiny of 100 years and a marriage comes from a destiny of 1000 years.,66,God made marriage Marriage is made in Gods image,67,To Further understand cultures, culture is human specific, which means that only human beings have what ca

41、n be called culture.,68,6. Phenomena of Culture,69,1) It is a social phenomenon, which means that culture is a cooperative product of human societies.,端午祭（韩国）,端午节（中国）,70,2) It is a national phenomenon, which means that each nation has been living in its unique geographical and historical framework in which a unique culture has been established and developed.,71,3) It is a historical phenomenon, which means that each generation inherits the culture established by its forefathers.,72,Case Study Who is to blame, Father or D