名词高考语法复习.ppt

1、高考语法复习,名 词,概念：名词是表示人、事物、地点、现象及其他抽象概念等名称的词。,专有名词(Proper Nouns),普通名词 (Common Nouns),个体名词(Individual Nouns),集体名词(Collective Nouns),物质名词(Material Nouns),抽象名词(Abstract Nouns),不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns),可数名词(Countable Nouns),名词的分类,专有名词：指人名、地名或某些人或事物专有的名称，如Beijing，China等 （注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写） 普通名词：指一类人或东西或是一个抽象

2、概念的名词，如book，sadness等 个体名词：指作为个体而存在的人或东西，可以指具体的人或物，也可指抽象东西，如a panda；a year等 集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体如family; team等,物质名词: 指无法分为个体的实物，如beer；soil等,一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：,1) 有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”,Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份）,Three beers, please. (三杯）,It was a special tea. (一种

3、）,2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。,Eg: rains （雨季） sands （沙滩） snows (积雪） waters(海域),抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如education; nature等,多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。,Eg: Hes learning French for fun.,I wish you good luck.,抽象名词有时可转化为可数名词，但意义发生改变，如failure，success，pleasure，difficulty等,Failure is the mother of success. (失败与成功

4、在此为抽象概念） As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure because she devotes little time to looking after her child. (成功者，失败者，可数),个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。,不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如health, advice, glass, wood

5、, English, America等。 注意：不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。,1、名词的单、复数; 2、可数与不可数名词的转换； 3、名词作定语； 4、名词的搭配; 5、词语辨析；,高考考点分析,名词的单复数,可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：,Notes:,*1:stomach,stomachs,*2:以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s. Eg:boys; toys; Henrys,*3: 以元音+o eg: videos; studios；radios 以oo结尾 eg: zoos;bamboos;kangaroos 一些外来词 eg:

6、pianos 一些缩写词 eg: kilos; photos; memos 一些专有名词 eg: Eskimos; Filipinos,直接在词尾加-s.,*4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词：proofs;gulfs; cliffs; serfs; roofs; beliefs; chiefs,单复数相同的情况：,sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese;Japanese 以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。 Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin, mu,只有复数形式的情况：,trousers(裤子); glasses

7、(眼镜); compasses(圆规) a pair of clothes; thanks;remains; goods; people; cattle；police,复合名词的复数形式：,1.词末+-s : film-goers ; forget-me-nots 2.主体名词变为复数形式： lookers-on; editors-in-chief; sons-in-law；passers-by 3.两个组成部分皆变为复数： women doctors; men cooks 这种形式的第一个名词必须是man或woman,不规则变化：,有些外来词的不规则复数形式：,问题1： - How many

8、 does a cow have? - Four. AstomachesBstomach CstomachsDstomachies,以 s, sh, ch, x等结尾的名词变复数时加 es；但如果以 ch 结尾的名词发音为 k时，只加 s。 另外，以辅音字母 +y 结尾的名词变复数时，需将 y 变成 i，再加 -es；以元音字母 +y 结尾的则直接加 -s。以辅音字母加 y 结尾的专有名词变复数时，也直接加 -s注意以-th结尾的名词其复数直接加-s。如bath，mouth，month，path等。,问题2： The _ of the building are covered with lot

9、s of _. A roof; leaf Brooves; leafs C roofs; leaves Droofs; leafs,以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加 s，如：serf - serfs belief-beliefs roof-roofs chief - chiefs safe-safes gulf-gulfs；b. 去 f, fe 加 ves，如：half-halvesknife-knives leaf-leaveswolf-wolves wife-wives life-livesthief-thieves；c. 均可, 如：handkerchief -handk

10、erchiefs / handkerchieves,问题3： When the farmer returned home he found three _ missing. Asheeps Bsheepes Csheep Dsheepies,当sheep; deer; fish表示数量时，单复数同形；如果表示不同种类，则需加 s 或 es。 单复数同形的名词有： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese, Swiss works, means, head,问题4： Some _ visited our school last Wednesday. AGermanBGer

11、men CGermansDGermens,国家人的名词需要记住三种情况： 1、单复数同形：Chinese; Japanese; Swiss 2、需要变形：English - Englishman 3、加 s 或 -es：German Germans 详见下表。,不同国家的人的单复数 名称 总称(谓语用复数）一个人 两个人中国人the Chinesea Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swiss two Swiss澳大利亚人the Australiansan Australian two Australians 俄国人the Russians a Russian

12、two Russians意大利人the Italians an Italian two Italians希腊人the Greek a Greektwo Greeks法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese美国人the Americans an Americantwo Americans印度人the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德国人the Germansa Germans

13、two Germans英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes,问题5： _ will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas. (1993 上海) A. The EvensB. The Evens C. The EvensesD. The Evenses,专有名词的复数与定冠词连用，常用来表示“一家人”或一家之中的两个或几个重要的人。如： - Who did you spend last weekend with?

14、- _. (98上海) A PalmersB The Palmers C The PalmersD The Palmers,问题6： Mr Smith has two _, both of whom are teachers in a school. Abrothers-in-lawBbrother-in-laws Cbrothers-in-lawsDbrothers-in law,以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数，如：managers-in-chief; fathers-in-law。如果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加 s。如：grown-ups。,名词的可数与不可数,只用于

15、修饰可数名词的有: many/a big (large/great) number of/ dozens of/scores of/ the number of/ big (large/great) numbers of/ a great(good) many/ few/a few/ many a(an)/more than one/ hundredsof/thousandsof/ 2) 只用于修饰不可数名词的有: much/a great (good) deal of/a bit of/ a great (good) amount of/little/a little a large sum

16、 of,3) 既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰 不可数名词的有: some/a lot of /lots of/plenty of/ quantities of/a large quantity of/ a variety of/varieties of/enough/ therestof/a mass of/masses of/ a supply of/supplies of,有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass ( 玻璃 ) paper ( 纸 ) iron (铁 ) wood ( 木头 ) gold (金子 ) youth (青春 ) power ( 力量 ) beauty (

17、美 ) pleasure( 愉快 ) relation(关系） copper ( 铜 ) tin ( 锡 ),a glass ( 玻璃杯 ) a paper ( 报纸，证件，论文 ) an iron (熨斗 ) a wood ( 树林 ) a gold (金牌 ) a youth (年青人 ) a power ( 大国 ) a beauty ( 美人，美的东西 ) a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事 ) a relation(亲戚） a copper ( 铜币板 ) a tin ( 罐头 ),英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。,a poem(一首诗 ) a machine(一台机器

18、 ) a job(一件工作 ) a laugh(一个笑声 ) a permit(许可证 ) a garment (一件衣裳 ) a bag(case) (一件行李 ) a loaf (一只面包 ) a hair(一根头发 ),poetry(诗歌总称 ) machinery(机器总称 ) work(工作 ) laughter(笑声 ) permission(允许 ) clothing(衣裳总称 ) luggage, baggage(行李 ) bread(面包 ) hair( 头发),问题1： He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers. (NM

19、ET95) A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works,抽象名词和物质名词被称为不可数名词。本题中 wealth 为不可数名词，works 作“作品”解，属单复数同形的可数名词。,问题2： Can you give us some _ about the writer? Ainformations Binformation Cpiece of informations Dpieces information,大多数不可数名词都不可能转化为可数名词，常见的有：furniture; information;

20、 news; advice; progress; fun; weather等。 This is not a match. Were playing chess for _. A habit B hobby C fun D game (2001上海春季),问题3： Many people agree that _of English is a must in international trade today. (NMET96) A. a knowledge B. knowledges C. knowledge D. the knowledge,有些抽象名词和物质名词也可转化为可数名词，用来表示

21、某种特定的意义。a knowledge of 表示“对有所了解”。又如： This meeting is a great success. 请看下面的可数与不可数名词的转化：,a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。 Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。 (U) These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。 (C)b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。This factory produces steel.(U)We need various steels.(C)c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。Our country is famous for t

22、ea. Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。 d. 抽象名词有时也可数。four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations 四个现代化 many interests 许多兴趣,名词的格,所有格的形式： 一般的名词所有格在后面加 s，如： Marys book 以 s 结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加 ，如： Teachers Day； the students reading-room 以 s 结尾的专有名词所有格，如： Engelss works 或Engels works,s 结尾的所有格形式多用于有生命的东西的名词。但有时其它的名词也可以，如：

23、todays newspaper, fifteen minutes ride等与时间有关的名词。 凡不能加 s 构成所有格的名词，都可以与 of 结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时。如： Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate?,一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如： This is not my pen, but Marys. 有时某些 s 结尾的所有格形式可以表示地点，如某人的家或店铺、教堂等： We can meet at Ma

24、rys. He went to his sisters for dinner yesterday. I had the dress made at the tailors at the corner of the street. Last week we visited St. Pauls.,名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns),some patterns:,Ill take the risk for friendships sake. She was at her wits end. Now they could sing at their hearts c

25、ontent. We should get the children out of harms way. We had best keep them at arms length. For goodness sake,stop arguing. Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat.,(为了友谊）,（黔驴技穷）,（尽情地）,（不受损害）,（保持距离）,（看在上帝的份上）,（很合算）,名词作定语,问题1 The _ is just around the corner and you wont miss it. (01北京春季) A. bicycles

26、 shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycles shop,名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。1) 用复数作定语。(sports;sales;customs;arms;clothes) 如：sports meet(ing) 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如：goods train (货车) arms produce武器生产 customs papers

27、海关文件 clothes brush衣刷,问题2 It took us quite a long time to get here. It was _ journey. （05北京春季） A. three-hour B. a three hour C. a three-hour D. three hours,“数词+名词”构成的合成词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如： a ten-mile walk； a five-year plan但是如果不用连字符，就需用复数的所有格。 The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk. （0

28、4上海春季） A. a four hour B. a four hours C. a four-hours D. a four hours,问题3： There are only twelve _ in the hospital. Awoman doctors Bwomen doctors Cwomen doctor Dwoman doctor,man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如：a man worker men workers a woman teacher women teachers a gentleman official g

29、entlemen officials,heart trouble snow mountain hearty welcome snowy table-cloth rain drops stone house rainy season stony heart rose garden rosy face gold ring golden sunshine/times/age/wedding,用名词作定语和用形容词作定语的比较：,名词的搭配,问题1 Weve missed the last bus. Im afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi. (N 19993

30、) A. way B. choice C. possibilityD. selection,可以将“ have no choice but to do ”视为一个结构，现在考查这类搭配的题有很多，如： I am sure David will be able to find the library he has a pretty good _ of direction.（05浙江卷） Aidea Bfeeling Cexperience Dsense 类似的题还有：,1. Heres my card. Lets keep in _. (N 1994) (A) A. touchB. relati

31、onC. connectionD. friendship 2. You can take as many as you like because they are free of _. (1998 上海) (B) A. fareB. chargeC. moneyD. pay 3. The manager has got a good business _ so the company is doing well. （03北京春季）（B） AideaBsenseCthoughtDThinking 4. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the c

32、hildrens _. （04天津）(A) A reachB handC holdD place,问题2 A rough estimate, Nigeria is_ Great Britain. （05上海卷） A. three times the size as B. the size three times of C. three times as the size of D. three times the size of,注意名词用来表示比较的特殊用法。它的结构为“倍数+the +名词+ of + 对象”。常用在该结构中的名词为：the size of; the weight of;

33、the length of .,名词词语辨析,几个名词的特殊用法,hair _. （他的头发是白的。） _. （他有几根白的头发。）,His hair is white,He has a few grey hairs,fruit The fruit is sweet. He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits. 注意：hair，fruit通常用单数表示总称；用复数表示若干根头发、若干种水果。,police The police _ searching for the murderer.,were,dozen, score two (man

34、y, several) dozen pencils three _ them / these pencils dozens of students two score of students scores of people,dozen of,word（消息，通知）, man（人类），前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。,问题1 Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his_. （05天津卷） (C) A. ability B. force C. strength D. mind,高考试卷中考查名词词义辨析的题目越来越

35、多了，这就要求我们在平时的学习过程中注意同类词的比较和辨析，同时尽可能从阅读过程中汲取更多的知识。本题的意思是参加体育锻炼的目的是增强体质和力气。,1. _ turn green in spring. (NMET 1986) A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leave D. Leaves 2. He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup (NMET 1993) 3. I need _ cloth, for Im going to make _

36、 clothes. (上海 1993) A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot,历年高考试题,4. He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers. (NMET 1995) A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works 5. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms

37、of _. A. energy B. source C. power D. material (上海 1996) 6. Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get round London. (NMET 1998) A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness,7. - Who did you spend last weekend with? - _ . (上海 1998) A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers 8. My p

38、arents always let me have my own _ of living. (上海 1998) A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion 9. The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n) _ of courage and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol (上海 1998),10. We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake. (上海

39、 1998) A. victims B. folks C. fellows D. villagers 11. If you dont take away all your things from the desk, there wont be enough _ for my stationery. (上海 1998) A. area B. place C. room D. surface 12. It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to _ . (上海 2000

40、) A. rewards B. prizes C. awards D. results,13. In the botanic garden we can find a(n) _ of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers. (上海 2001) A. species B. group C. amount D. variety 14. - Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree? - No, its out of _ . (上海 2001) A. range B. reach C.

41、 control D. distance 15. The life of London is made up of many different _ . (上海 2001) A. elements B. sections C. material D. realities,16. For the sake of her daughters health, she decided to move to a warm _ . A. weather B. temperature C. season D. climate (上海 2002) 17. To regain their _ after an exh