第三讲 分译法.ppt

1、复习：正说反译，反说正译法,Hes often absent-minded. 他常常心不在焉。 I dont like Tom because he is clever. 我喜欢汤姆不是因为他聪明。 证据确凿，毋庸置疑。 The evidence is conclusive, 。,Key: excluding all possibilities of doubt.,复习：正说反译，反说正译法,没有工人们的帮助，我们这个实验便不会成功。 But for the workers help, we should not have succeeded in this experiment. All g

2、raduates from the Foreign Languages Institutes will not be appointed to do translation work. 外语院校的毕业生并非人人被分配去做翻译工作。,第三讲 分译法,I couldnt see why the worker who works and produces gets paid less than the manager who sits on his chair and does nothing. 译文1：我不明白为什么干活和生产的人倒比坐在椅子上什么都不干的经理挣的钱少。 译文2：我搞不懂，工人拼命

3、地工作，拼命地生产，为什么到头来到手的工资却比那成天在椅子上坐着什么活都不干的经理要少。,Choose the better one,什么是分译？,分译法（Division）：（也称分句法、拆译法)在翻译时，我们可以把英语的一句话中的一个词、一个短语或一个从句译成汉语中的几个词或几个短句，同时可以把这句话中的主语、谓语、定语、状语等成分译成汉语中的不同成分。 分译法不仅可用于拆译长句，也可用于拆译单句和短语，甚至可以拆译单词。,为什么要分译？,* 英语句子繁复。英语里状语大多在动词后面，后置定语用的很多，有关系代词、关系副词、分词和像that那样可以引导多种从句的连词，因而一句话里常常是一个从

4、句（或短语）套一个从句（或短语），一连套许多从句（或短语），可仍然层次分明，逻辑清楚。 * 汉语句子简短。往往用若干小句表达一句话的意思。 * 因此英翻汉时往往需要化繁为简，化整为零。,分译的重要性？,英汉翻译中最重要的手段就是分译，翻译即分译，即在译文中将原文打破重组，或抽词拆译、或抽短语词组拆译。否则，英文里读起来流畅自然的句子，如照搬进中文，就会变成 “翻译腔”。这是翻译的大忌。,Translationese: 表达不流畅、不地道的翻译文体,Outline,分译Division 1、单词的分译 2、短语的分译 3、句子的分译 4 、分译应该遵循的两个原则,（一）单词的分译 Divisio

5、n of a word,1. 单词词义分译： 2. 单词搭配分译； 3. 灵活对等分译； 4. 突出语言重点； 5. 修辞需要词语分译. （详见教材P.112-113.）,翻译欣赏1,That little pink-faced chit Amelia with not half my sense, has ten thousand pounds and an establishment secure.- Vanity Fair 爱米丽亚那粉红脸儿的小不点儿，还没有我一半懂事，倒有一万镑财产，住宅家具奴仆一应俱全。,Establishment:(包括家具、土地、仆人在内的)家庭；住宅；生活方式

6、,翻译欣赏2,She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own. 译文一：她心地善良、性格温柔可人，器量又大，为人又乐观。 译文二：她心地善良、处事乐观、性格温柔、待人和善、心胸也很宽阔。,（一）单词的分译Division of a word,1、形容词拆分 You are talking delightful nonsense. 你虽信口胡扯，倒也蛮有情趣。 点评：形容词delightful拆分成句。,1、形容词拆分 He crashed down on a protesting chair.

7、他猛然坐到一把椅子上，椅子被压得吱吱作响。 Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of the policy of “self-reliance.” 毛主席在谈到“自力更生”的政策时，也许有些自豪感，这是可以理解的。,2、 副词拆分 The senior leaders departure could curiously help the two parties sink an age-long party feud(不和,争执). 译文一：说也奇怪，老一代领导人的离去竟然使这两个政党陷入了长久的政党之间的不和。 译文

8、二：老一代领导人的离去竟然使这两个政党陷入了长期的不和，这确实让人百思不得其解。,点评,英语很多句子中的某个词语，尤其是副词，看上去是修饰与其相邻的某个成分，但实际上是对整个句子所陈述的内容进行描述、评述或评价。如本句中curiously是评述整个句子所描述的情况。 在将该句翻译成汉语时，可以采用两种方法： 1、将该副词的意思先翻译出来，放到句首译文一； 2、将句子所讲述的内容先呈现出来，然后再将副词翻译出来译文二,The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. 中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪，

9、这是合乎情理的。,More example,3、名词拆分 The bitter weather had driven everyone indoors. 天寒地冻，人人都不得不躲在室内。 点评：名词拆成句子。,3、名词拆分 He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation. 他摇了摇头，两眼睁得圆圆的，接着又眯成一条线，脸上露出了愤怒的神色。,4、动词拆分 Radio waves have been considered radiant energy. 人们已经认识到，无线电波是一种辐射能。 The m

10、aximum demand for electricity today is expected to double within a decade. 可以预料，目前对电的最大需求量在十年内可望增加一倍。,小组活动规则 抢答活动 每题每组只能抢答一次。 每次活动一个成员只有一次抢答机会。（除非题目数量超过小组成员数量） 组员抢答成功该小组加1分，答案错误则继续抢答。,1). They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. 2). He tried vainly to talk us into agreement with the unrealist

11、ic proposal. 3). Jordan cannot politely turn down the invitation to an Arab foreign ministers conference.,他们根本没有答复，这不足为奇。,他试图劝说我们同意接受这项不切实际的建议，但还是白费了力气。,约旦如拒绝接受阿拉伯外长会议的邀请，这在礼貌上也说不过去。,Group work 翻译下列句子，注意划线单词的分译,4). She pardonably boasted of her wonderful cooking. 5). Characteristically, Mr. Harold c

12、oncealed his feelings and watched and learned. 6). The computer can give Mary the right lesson for her：neither too fast nor too slow.,海罗德与众不同，他隐藏着自己的感情，边看边学。,她自夸她有高超的烹调技艺，这是情有可原的。,计算机能给玛丽上课，上得恰倒好处，既不太快也不太慢。,英语常用短语作修饰语，而汉语常用短句。遇到这类情况，可在短语结构松散处断开。 She lay reclined on a sofa by the fireside, and with h

13、er darlings about her. 她斜靠在炉边的沙发上，心爱的儿女都围在她身边。,（二）短语的分译 Division of a phrase,His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night. 面对这宁静的良宵美景，他的烦恼不禁涣然冰释（烟消云散）了。 She made tea for us in a most agreeable manner. 她替我们泡茶，态度殷勤。,More examples,More examples,A new dignity crept into his walk. 他走

14、起路来，不觉平添了几分尊严。 Age incapacitated him for war. 他上了年纪，不能参战了。,More examples,She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen. 她坐在那儿，双手托着下巴，凝视着小厨房的一角。,More examples,Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accpeted law. 能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，这是一条公认的规律。,巩固练习翻译

15、下列句子，注意划线短语的分译,1). The government forbade students to take part in the parade, a rather difficult task. 政府禁止学生参加游行，尽管要做到这一点是相当困难的。 2). With the increase of production the living condition of the common people is becoming better and better. 随着生产的增加，普通人民的生活条件变得愈来愈好了。 3).He is too ill to have been anyw

16、here but in bed. 他病得太厉害，不能行走只能呆在床上。,4). To be allowed to speak out is one of the democratic principles to be observed. 允许别人讲话，这是一个应该遵循的民主原则。 5). Modest, unassuming, easy to approach, Premier Zhou soon put everyone there completely at ease. 周总理是那样谦虚，随和，平易近人，使大家很快无拘无束了。 6). Science and technology mode

17、rnized, industry and agriculture will develop rapidly. （独立结构的分译） 如果科学技术现代化了，工农业就会迅速发展。,巩固练习,Discussion,1. He had left a note of welcome for me, as sunny as his face. 他留下一封短信对我表示欢迎，那封信写得热情洋溢，一如其人。 2. Why did they want a new leader? Partly it was because they deeply felt that Mr. Heath, for all his ma

18、ny qualities, was a born loser. 他们为什么想换一换领袖？有一部分原因是他们深切地感到，尽管希思先生有许多优良品质，他却是个天生的败将。 (for all )尽管，虽然,（三）句子的分译 Division of a sentence,英语句子繁复的原因 1.复杂多样的句子成分【短语和从句，各种并列成分，附加成分(如同位语、插入语、独立成分)，形形色色的修饰成分 】 2.英语句子呈句首封闭、句尾开放, 因而句子可以不断向句尾扩展、延伸 。,Syntax,Chinese: left-branching 句首开放性（open beginning） 句尾收缩性或封闭性（c

19、ontracting/closed ending ） English: right-branching 句首收缩性或封闭性(contracting/closed beginning） 句尾开放性 (opening ending),Chinese: left-branching,姑娘 北京姑娘 漂亮的北京姑娘 年轻漂亮的北京姑娘 身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘 两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘 正看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘 正面带笑容看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘,This is the egg that the hen hatched This is the rat that

20、 stole the egg This is the cat that caught the rat This is the dog that bit the cat This is the boy that chased the dog This is the boy that chased the dog that bit the cat that caught the rat that stole the egg that the hen hatched.,Combine the following sentences:,English: right-branching,Revise t

21、he following translation,Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me? 你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗? 【改译】我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗?,（三）句子的分译 Division of a sentence,1.结构分译 英语有些句子的结构十分奇特，其主、谓、宾汉译时无法对号入座。这时应从整个句子着手，打散整个结构，重新分译。,例子,What can easily be seen in his poems are his imagery and or

22、iginality, power and range. 他的诗形象生动，独具一格，而且气势磅礴，题材广泛。这是显而易见的。,巩固练习,It was sufficient that there was tenderness in her eyes, weakness in her manner, good nature and hope in her thoughts. (拆开名词从句) 只要她眼睛里含情脉脉，举止里透漏着娇柔，思想里洋溢着善良和希望，这就够了。,2.语义分译 英语句中的某一部分，汉译时从词义来看，与其放在原句，倒不如放在下一句中更合适。这时，可把有关部分放到译文的另一个句子里.

23、,She used to relate how she met in Italy an elderly gentleman who was looking very sad. She inquired the cause of his melancholy and he said that he had just parted from his two grandchildren. 她曾提到她在意大利碰到一位老先生的事。她见他愁容满面就问起他闷闷不乐的原因。他说那是因为他刚同两个孙孙分手才这样的。,巩固练习,There are many wonderful stories to tell ab

24、out the places I visited and the people I met.(拆开定语从句) 我访问过一些地方，遇到不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。,调整时间顺序 调整空间顺序 按照信息中心调整语序 调整逻辑顺序,补充- 英汉句子顺序的调整,A. 调整时间顺序,英语叙述较灵活，而汉语则按事情发生的先后顺序来叙述。,He began to prepare his lessons with a dictionary. 他拿本字典，开始准备功课。 They left for the field, shouldering hoes. 他们扛着锄头下地了。 The children

25、came running to greet us. 孩子们跑着来迎接我们。, I put on my clothes by the light of a half - moon. A half - moon was just setting. The moon rays streamed through the narrow window near my crib. 经分析 ,三个核心句的时间顺序依次为 。经过此番调整 ,就可以顺利地传译为: 【译文】半轮晓月渐渐西沉 ,月光透过小床旁边一个窄窄的窗子射进来 ,我趁着月光穿上衣服。,I put on my clothes by the ligh

26、t of a half - moon just setting , whose rays streamed through the narrow window near my crib.,For example, a girl student who had difficulty studying made dramatic strides when she got a better desk lamp and moved her desk away from her bed. 【译文】例如，有位女学生，原来学习很吃力，但自从换了一盏好台灯，并把桌子从床边搬开以后，学习就取得了长足的进步。,调

27、整时间顺序,Try it!,英汉两种语言一般都遵循由上到下、由左到右的顺序排列；但是汉语由背景到焦点、由参照体到目标体； 英语由焦点到背景、由目标体到参照体，翻译时要注意这种认知差异在句法上的体现。,B. 调整空间顺序,返回章重点,退出,【译文2】我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。,We saw many signs of occupation while strolling along a street past a major concentration of the huts not far away from the Central Av

28、enue.,【译文1】我们看到很多住人的迹象，当漫步街头走过一个很大的棚户集中地，离中央大道不远。,调整空间顺序,C. 按照信息中心调整语序,返回章重点,退出,It was Jane who played Mozart at the party last night . 昨晚在晚会上演奏莫扎特作品的是珍妮。 It was Mozart that Jane played at the party last night . 珍妮昨晚在晚会上演奏的是莫扎特的作品。 What I am doing is teaching him a lesson. 我眼下在干的是就是教训他一顿。,按照信息中心调整语序

29、,英语大都把人的感受或最重要的放在最前面，而汉语则相反，最重要的却在最后，遵循“尾心”原则。,No one will deny that what we have been able to do in the past five years is especially striking in view of the crisis which we inherited from the previous government. 【译文】考虑到上届政府遗留下来的危机，我们在过去5年里所取得的成绩尤为显著，这是无可否认的。,His chief contribution was making me r

30、ealize how much more than knowledge I had been getting from him. 【译文】他使我认识到，我从他那里学到的远远不止是知识，这是他最大的贡献。,按照信息中心调整语序,Try it!,汉语逻辑关系遵循由先到后，由因到果，由假设到推论，由事实到结论。 而英语的逻辑关系相对灵活。,D. 调整逻辑顺序,返回章重点,退出,汉语常是“条件假设”在前，“结果”在后。,调整逻辑顺序,We maintain that no peace situation is permanent which does not take into account the

31、 legitimate wishes of the majority of the people of any country. 【译文】我们认为，如果不尊重一个国家大多数人民的正当愿望，任何和平局面都不会是持久的。,英语表示目的行为，常是“行为”在前，“目的”在后，而汉语有时为了强调目的，常把目的放在行为之前,调整逻辑顺 序,On earth, where fog or rain would interfere with transmission, lasers would have to be beamed through evacuated pipelines to prevent po

32、wer loss. 【译文】地球上的雾或雨会干扰激光的传播，因此，为了防止能量的损失，激光必须从真空管道通过。,心理的时间顺序是指人说话时主观心理轴上的时间顺序。 例如: 袭人羞得脸紫胀起来,想想原是自己把话说错了。 这句话是前果后因句 ,句序似乎跟因果顺序相悖 ,但仔细体会一下人们说这话的心理:人们在叙述中顺着上文先说出某种结果 ,接着想到有必要 ,于是又补充说出一个理由或原因。补充说明的内容是事后的想法 ,它置于结果句后 ,是因为它是说话者后来想到或意识到的。,附：心理的时间顺序,4. 分译时应遵循以下两个原则,1. 当分则分，当合则合，不可硬行拆分，否则效果不好。 2. 正确把握始分点，

33、严格按汉语的表达习惯来组织句子，否则，可能造成译文结构紊乱。,当分则分，当合则合 To cure cancer, it is , however, necessary for the medical personnel as well as the patients first to criticize the erroneous idealist view that regards malignancy as “incurable” so as to build up confidence in fighting and eradicating cancer and gain better

34、therapeutic results. 原译：治疗癌症，必须首先在医务人员和病人中批判错误的唯心主义观点，即：把癌症视为“不治之症”的 观点，以树立信心，战胜和消灭癌症，并取得更好的疗效。 改译：治疗癌症，首先必须在医务人员和病人中批判那种视癌症为“不治之症”的错误的唯心主义观点，以便帮助人们树立战胜和消灭癌症的信心，争取更好的疗效。,正确把握始分点，按汉语的表达习惯来组织句子 The World Health Organization is helping national governments to get rid of malaria before resistance among

35、the mosquito population becomes so great that new poisons will have to be found to replace those in use at present. 原译：世界卫生组织正在帮助一些国家政府，争取在蚊子的抗药性变得过大之前把疟疾扑灭，以致将来不得不寻找新的杀虫药来代替目前正在使用的药物。 改译： 蚊子的抗药性正日益增大，以致将来不得不寻找新的杀虫药来代替目前正在使用的药物，世界卫生组织正在帮助一些国家政府，力图在此之前把疟疾消灭。,Project 211,Project 211 is a project of 10

36、6 (as of 2007) Key universities and colleges in the 21st century initiated in 1995 by the Ministry of Education of the Peoples Republic of China.The project aims at cultivating high-level elite for national economic and social development strategies. The project began from the idea that, in the mid 1990s, the 30 elite universites at the time were too low by international research standards.Inclusion in the project means that univer