EX4 - Categorical proposition.ppt

1、Identify quantifier, subject, copula, and predicate,1. No persons who live near airports are persons who appreciate the noise of jets. 2. Some terrorists are not religious.,1. Quantifier: No Subject: persons who live near airport Copula: are Predicate: persons who appreciate the noise of jets,2. Qua

2、ntifier: Some Subject: terrorists Copula: are not Predicate: religious persons,Identify letter name, quantity and quality,1. All governments that bargain with terrorists are governments that encourage terrorism.,Answer,A proposition Universal affirmative Subject distributed Predicate undistributed,2

3、. No labor strikes are events welcomed by management.,Answer,E proposition Universal negative Subject and predicate distributed,Change the quality of the proposition,No wildlife refuges are locations suitable for housing development.,Answer,All wildlife refuges are locations suitable for housing dev

4、elopment.,Change the quantity of the proposition,No tax proposals that favor the rich are fair proposals.,Answer,Some tax proposals that favor the rich are not fair proposals.,Change both the quality and quantity of the proposition,No alcoholics are persons with a healthy diet.,Answer,Some alcoholic

5、s are persons with a healthy diet.,Draw Venn diagram for the following propositions,1. Some political campaigns are mere attempts to discredit opponents.,2. All redistributing plans are sources of controversy.,Evaluate the validity of argument,1. All beers are dangerous drinks. Therefore, it is fals

6、e that some beers are not dangerous drinks.,2. No vampires are eaters of garlic bread. Therefore, it is false that some vampires are eaters of garlic bread.,3. Some bacteria are rod-shaped objects. Therefore, no bacteria are rod-shaped objects.,Perform conversion to the proposition,Some forms of car

7、bon are substances with a crystalline structure.,Perform obversion,No cult leaders are people who fail to brainwash their followers.,Perform contraposition,All gases are incompressible substances.,Use conversion, obversion and contraposition to determine validity,1. No individuals who laugh all the

8、time are persons with a true sense of humor. Therefore, no persons with a true sense of humor are individuals who laugh all the time.,2. Some peaceful revolutions are episodes that erupt in violence. Therefore, some episodes that do not erupt in violence are non-peaceful revolutions.,3. All hired ki

9、llers are criminals who deserve the death penalty. Therefore, all criminals who deserve the death penalty are hired killers.,4. All JUPAS students are students who take A Level Exam. Therefore, no non-JUPAS students are students who take A Level Exam.,5. All non-recyclable bags are non-biodegradable

10、 bags. Therefore, it is false that some biodegradable bags are recyclable bags.,6. It is false that some non-public areas are smoking areas. Therefore, some non-smoking areas are non-public areas.,7. All non-pornographic publications are publications suitable for children. No publications that are n

11、ot suitable for children are pornographic publications.,8. It is false that no unhealthy things to eat are food additives. Therefore, some food additives are not healthy things to eat.,Translation into categorical propositions in English,1. Terrorist attacks succeed whenever security measures are la

12、x.,2. A television show that depicts violence incites violence.,3. Warmth always relieves pain.,4. If a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, she risks giving birth to a deformed child.,5. No shellfish except oysters make pearls.,6. Occasionally there are concerts in Central Park.,7. Everyone who hesitates

13、 is lost.,8. All passengers are not allowed to smoke on board the aircraft.,9. Not every river runs to the sea.,10. A few apartment residents are victimized by incessant noise.,11. She says what she pleases.,12. None but the hardworking students can pass the exam.,13. No animals except bats locate objects by echolocation.,14. Bats are the only true flying mammals.,15. If someone is not a civil servant, he is not a policeman.,16. A pesticide is dangerous if it contains DDT.,17. No stu