第三章 熟能生巧——写文章.ppt

1、第三章 熟能生巧写文章,第一节 写议论文,一、议论文基本写作模式 议论文在写作模式上一般可分为三大部分。通常叫做三段论。第一部分为开头，提出问题和观点，使读者在段落开头就明确你看问题的立场；第二部分时作文主体部分，选择充分而有力的证据，如具体事例、统计数字、定律等，围绕作文主体进行多层次的论证；第三部分作为作文的结尾部分，以强有力的语言就上述两部分内容进行高度概括总结，并重复论证主要观点。,观点对比型：这类议论文要求论述两个对立的观点，并个给出自己的看法，或者给出一个观点要求考生反对这一观点。其基本写法是： Some people tend to think that _（观点一）. They

2、 point out that _（理由一）. Additionally, _（理由二）. A case in point is _（举例）. Therefore, _（小结）. On the contrary, other people hold the view that _（观点二）. They argue that _（理由一）. Whats more, _（理由二）. As an illustration, _（举例）. Accordingly, _（小结）. As far as I am concerned, I think _（自己的观点）. The reason is that

3、 _（理由一）. And also _（理由二）. So _（概括自己的观点）.,说明利弊型：这种议论文要求考生首先说明事物的现状，然后谈谈事物本身的优缺点，最后提出自己的观点。其基本写法是： Whenever we hear people mention _（主题）, we will instantly have the idea that it is a good/ bad thing for (some people) . indeed, _（主题）has some advantages. We can take _（举例）as an example. Its advantage are

4、 _（优点一）. In addition, _（优点二）. In the meantime we must realize those disadvantages of _（主题）. Firstly, _（缺点一）.secondly, _（缺点二）. To summarize the above-mentioned arguments, I think an appropriate attitude towards _（主题）is that _（自己的观点）.,问题解决型：这种议论文要求考生先写问题，再写解决问题的具体办法。基本写法如下： Nowadays, we have to face a

5、 problem that _（问题）. It is important for us to _（解决问题）. Because _（原因一）. Whats more, _（原因二）. People have thought our many ways to deal with the very problem/ to change the situation. Firstly, _（方案一）. Secondly, _（方案二）. As far as Im concerned, I think that _（我的观点/方法）. Im taking two ways to solve the pr

6、oblem _（问题）. One way is _（自己的方法一）, the other way is _ （自己的方法二）. These two ways can solve the problem effectively.,阐述主题型：这种议论文要求考生阐述某一主题或某一名言所蕴含的意义，分析并举例使其更充分。基本方法如下： A famous saying goes that _（名言或谚语）. It means that _（解释意义） An example of this case is _（举例一）. Another case in point is _（举例二）. I like t

7、his saying _（名言或谚语）because _（理由）.,二、议论文常用表达句式 1. 表达自己的观点（支持、反对） With regard to the question, I think a correct attitude is that. In my opinion, whether it is good or bad depends on how we look at it. Which opinion is more reasonable? Im inclined to accept the former/ the first view/ the latter/ the

8、second view. As far as i am concerned, I think there is truth in the argument of these two parties.,2. 表达利弊、优缺点 Just as a coin has two sides, everything has its advantages and disadvantages. It benefits us in many ways/ respects While . has so many advantages, we should not ignore the problems it br

9、ings us. Sth. / doing sth. Is beneficial to.,3. 表示原因 There are several reasons for this phenomenon. Several factors are responsible for the phenomenon. Their opinion is based on the fact that. The following are my reasons for my advice. Those who are in favor of the . Believe that.,4. 表示办法、措施 Faced

10、with such a situation, what should we do? There are several ways to cope with the problem. We should take effective measures to stop/ prevent / protect. What should we do to solve the problem? We should take immediate action to. We should try every means to. We should spare no effort to. Our governm

11、ent should make strict regulations / laws to stop this phenomenon / ban such practice. I strongly suggest that effective steps be taken as soon as possible to protect the community from the adverse impacts of.,5. 表示结论、总结 From the above analysis, we can see that. Only in this way can. In conclusion,

12、it is more beneficial to. On the whole, .has both advantages and disadvantages. But fairly speaking, everyone should admit that advantages outweigh the disadvantages.,第二节 写图表作文,图表是用数字、图像表达信息的一种形式，是对数字和图像的说明。图表作文即使把这些数字、图像所包含的信息换成传神表意等的说明文字，或称图表信息转换information transfer或者说transferring information from

13、 graph or table into written form。它属于描述性的说明文（report）。,一、图表作文要求 图表作文要求考生根据题目给出的一个或若干个图表写出一篇描述性的说明文，题目一般分为三部分：解释、写作要求、图表。 二、图表作文常考类型 曲线图（line/ curve chart/ graph） 柱形图（bar/ column chart/ graph） 饼图（pie chart/ graph） 表格（table）,三、图表分析作文的写作要领 写此类作文时，首先要以题目中的要求为指导，审慎解读图表，准确把握图表传递的信息，将其扩展成文。 读懂标题，然后根据主题进行分析。

14、虽然文章的中心思想和细节是通过图表来表示的，但同一张图表，如果命题不同，作者观察、分析问题的角度就有所不同，写出的短文也可能完全不同。 仔细分析图表，尽可能正确理解图表的真正含义，对其进行分析、比较，从中发现某种规律，得出某种结论。,构思、组织材料，列提纲。这一步也很重要，尤其是对一些信息多的图表，先要搞清楚有多少个变量、各变量之间的关系、数值的单位等。然后对材料进行组织和取舍，累出写作提纲和写作重点。 值得一提的是：构思的过程很重要，因为它往往决定了你的文章质量。千万不可匆忙进入正文写作，否则，在写作途中发现思路有问题而想进行大的改动，实际上已没有可能。 描写图表。建议书法要工整和易于辨认（

15、考官对你文章的第一印象在此），文字排列要均匀（比如：每行10-12个字左右），便于统计字数。,修改成文。主要检查语法错误，包括首句的写法、信息的全面性、复杂句的句式、单词的拼写。 为了写好图表作文，获得较高的分数，需要从以下四个方面着手练习：首句写法、信息点搜索、结构安排、句型和词汇的运用。,四、图表作文结构安排 图表作文至少应分为三段：引言、描述图表和结论。 开头一段可以写该图表的主旨，即说明该图表反应的情况（to introduce general information first），接着用一段或两段写图表的主要信息内容，即对数字进行仔细分析比较，归纳出增减速率（to describe

16、details），最后一段得出结论（to conclude）。,结构模板： 第一段：The _（某种图，比如bar chart，pie chart或是curve graph）shows _（简单写情况，比如“妇女受教育程度”，“美国能源利用”，这些一般可以在图下面的文字中找到）。From the _（某种图）we can have a understanding of _（又是什么情况）。 注意：第二句话只是为了凑字数，字数够了的时候就可以不用了。当然，写的时候要注意表达方式。,第二段：说明段，It can be seen from the chart/ The chart illustrat

17、es that _（加一些内容）。主要写以下几个方面：极点（极大、极小）、趋势、特别点（交点、转折点、相同点和一些在特定图上有意义的点）。 第三段：From the chart, we may have a basic understanding of the situation of _（结论）。,五、图表作文常用词汇及常用句型 1. 常用词语 上升：increase/ go up/ rise/ show/ jump up/ soar/ surge/ climb/ level up 下降：decrease/ go down / decline / fall / reduce / drop /

18、 sink / level down 平稳：keep / remain stable/ steady/ unchanged / be the same as / be similar to / there is little / no change / a stable period / gradually / smoothly,波动：fluctuate (wildly/ mildly) / rise and fall/ up and down 占：occupy/ take up / make up / constitute 而：while / however / whereas / on t

19、he other hand / actually / in fact 与之相反：by/ in contract / on the contrary / compared with / In comparison, . 最高点：reach the highest point/ the top / the peak / the bottom / the most in. 最低点：reach the lowest point / bottom,平均：mean / average 趋势：maintain a trend / tendency/ with a upward/ downward trend

20、 大约：approximately / about / almost / nearly / around roughly / some 超过：more than / over / exceed / outnumber 不到：less than / under 此外/并且：besides, . / in addition, . / furthermore, . / whats more, . / moreover, . 总之：In summary, . / To sum up, . / To conclude, . / Overall, . 类别：category / group / secto

21、r,相应的：corresponding 数据：data / figure 每：per 百分比：percentage 比例：proportion 反映：reflect 关系：relationship 本别地：respectively 相似的：similar 统计资料：statistics （毫不）令人奇怪地：(not) surprisingly 倾向于：tend (to) 转折点：turning point,典型的：typical 各种各样的：various 轻微：slightly / slowly（速度） 显著：significantly / markedly / noticeably 急剧：

22、rapidly / dramatically / abruptly / sharply / quickly / steeply 突然：suddenly / surprisingly 趋势：tendency / inclination / trend,2.常用句型 1）从图表中可以看出 / 如图所示 As we can see from the chart. From the chart we can see clearly that. It can be seen from the chart that. It is clear / evident / apparent / noticeabl

23、e from the chart that. As is shown in the table, . As shown in the table As the table shows that As seen from the table As stated / indicated / illustrated / demonstrated,2）该数据可以这样理解 The figures / data / statistics in the chart reflect / show / reveal (that) . 3）该表格表述了在年到年间量的变化。 The table shows the

24、changes in the number of . Over the period from .to. 4）该图为我们提供了有关的有趣数据。 The graph provides some interesting data regarding.,5）该表格描述了年到年间a与b的比例关系。 This table shows the changing proportion of a and b from .to. 6）这个柱形图描述了。 This is a column chart showing. 7）从图中可以看出，发生了巨大的变化。 As can be seen from the diag

25、ram, great changes have taken place in. 8）如图所示，两条曲线描述了的波动情况 As can be seen from the graph, the two curves show the fluctuation of.,9）与A相比，B有更高的比例。 Compared with A, B has a higher percentage. 10）A仅次于B。 A is second to B. 11）在方面具有很大的百分比。 .had the largest percentage / proportion of . 12）的数量增长到。 The numb

26、er of .climbed / jumped / rose suddenly / went sharply up / soared to.,13）的数量有了稳定持续的增长。 The number of .increased / rose steadily / gradually There was a steady / gradual increase / in the number of . 14）的数量有了稳定持续的下降。 The number of .decreased / fell steadily / gradually 15）的数量有了急剧地下降。 The number of .

27、decreased / fell / dropped suddenly / rapidly / dramatically / substantially / sharply / steeply 16）的数量增加了百分之。 The number of .increased / rose / by .%.,17）的数量下降了百分之。 The number of .fell / dropped / declined by .%. 18）数字急剧上升至。 The number sharply went up to. 19）从到下降速率减慢。 From .to.the rate of decrease

28、slow down. 20）逐年减少，而逐年上升。 .decreased year by year while .increased steadily. 21）数字成上升趋势。 There is an upward trend in the number of .,22）A增长到。 A increased to . 23）的数量稳定在左右。 The number of . Remain steady at approximately . 24）的比例比的比例略高（低）。 The percentage of .is slightly larger / smaller than that of . 25）至期间的比例维持不变。 The percentage of .stayed the same between .and . 26）与相同/ 与相似 be the same as. / be similar to.,27）与之间