认知语言学第三章隐喻与转喻课件

1、Chapter3 Conceptual metaphor and metonymies,Presented by 肖丽红,1,PPT学习交流,01,Metaphors and Metonymies: from figures of speech to cognitive models,02,Metaphors and Metonymies: as cognitive instruments,03,Metaphors as a way of thinking: examples from science and politics,04,Pragmatic applications of Meta

2、phors and Metonymies,Outline,2,PPT学习交流,All the worlds a stage And all the man and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrance, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages. 问君能有几多愁?恰似一江春水向东流 . 下馆子/上饭店 Do metaphors or metonymies only exist in literature? What

3、 kind of roles that metaphors and metonymies do in our daily life?,3,PPT学习交流,Three stages of Metaphors studies,Initial stage(300BC-1920s): During this stage, Metaphors and Metonymies are studied as kinds of rhetoric devices. Aristotle, who first began to study the properties and functions of Metapho

4、r, defined metaphor as the Transference of meaning between concepts in her book Rehetoric and Poetry. Representatives of this stages are Aristotle, Quintilian Second stage(1930-1960): Focus on the structure and meaning of metaphor. This is a period of time that regard as the transitory stage between

5、 the study of metaphor as rhetoric devices and the study of metaphor as a cognitive model. Main representatives of this stage are R. Jakobson, E. Benveniste and M. Black. Third stage( 1970-now): Metaphors and Metonymies are regarded as cognitive models and been studied within multidisciplinary field

6、s.,4,PPT学习交流,相似原则（principle of similarity）,人们容易将相同或相似的东西看做是一个单位。这一原则在概念和语言的形成中是最重要的原则。,5,PPT学习交流,顺接原则（principle of good continuation）,在识别和记忆事物时，人们倾向于寻找有规律、变化小的整体。,6,PPT学习交流,接近原则（principle of proximity）,在认知上，距离相近的事物容易被看做是一个单位。,7,PPT学习交流,突显原则（principle of prominence）,人们的注意力更容易观察和记忆事物比较突显的方面。 相似原则 LOW

7、STATUS IS DOWN RATIONAL IS UP; EMOTIONAL IS DOWN CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONCIOUS IS DOWN A meeting has been planed for next Wednesday. Now, Lets move the meeting forward two days. When does the meeting take place?,17,PPT学习交流,实体隐喻（Ontological Metaphor）,将抽象概念具体化 My fear of insects is driving my wife crazy

8、. It will take a lot of patience to finish this book. The ugly side of his personality comes out under pressure. The pressure of his responsibilities caused his breakdown.,18,PPT学习交流,容器隐喻（Container metaphor）,The ship is coming into view. VISUAL FIELDS AS CONTAINERS Are you in the race on Sunday? RAC

9、E AS CONTAINER There is a lot of land in Kansas. AREAS AS CONTAINERS How did you get into window-washing as a profession? THE ACTIVITY OF WASHING AS CONTAINER We are out of trouble now. TROUBLE AS CONTAINER,19,PPT学习交流,创新隐喻,来源于文学家个人独特的感受和体验的文学隐喻 THE WORLD IS A STAGE THEORIES/ARGUMENTS ARE BUILDINGS H

10、is theory has thousands of little rooms and long winding corridors. 出于表达新事物的需要科学中的隐喻,20,PPT学习交流,一般而言，隐喻的源域为具体范畴，而目标域是后认知的具体范畴或抽象范畴，而不是相反。 常规隐喻是一个语言集团文化和经验的沉淀。人们根据经验和文化传统来选择源域。 源域与目标域之间形成一定的隐喻结构网，同一源域可以隐喻多个目标域， LIFE IS A JOURNEY, AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY 同一目标域也可以由多个源域隐喻。 AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY, AN

11、ARGUMENT IS A BATTLE, AN ARGUMENT IS A CONTAINER, AN ARGUMENT IS A BUILDING,21,PPT学习交流,常规隐喻,创新隐喻,结构隐喻,方位隐喻,实体隐喻,文学隐喻,科学中的隐喻,22,PPT学习交流,转喻定义 1. Lakoff & Johnson ( 1980) Metonymy has primarily a referential function, that is, it allows us to use one entity to stand for another. It also serves the func

12、tion of providing understanding. 转喻主要具有一种指代功能，即，它允许我们用一种实体代替另一实体。同时，转喻也具有理解功能。,23,PPT学习交流,转喻定义 2. William Croft ( 1993) A target is accessed within a domain as a result of domain highlighting. from the perspective of encylopaedic semantics, metonymy functions by highlighting one domain within a conc

13、epts domain matrix. 目标在同一认知域（矩阵）中由域凸显而被通达。从百科性语义角度来看，转喻就是在 同一概念的认知域矩阵中的某一域凸显。,24,PPT学习交流,转喻定义 3. Kvecses and Radden ( 1998) Metonymy is a cognitive process in which one conceptual entity, the vehicle, provides mental access to another conceptual entity, the target, within the same domain, or ICM. 转喻

14、是在同一理想化认知模式中，一个概念实体（转喻喻体）为另一概念实体提供心理通达的认知过程。,25,PPT学习交流,转喻定义 4. Barcelona ( 2002) Metonymy is a mapping of a conceptual domain, the source, onto another domain, the target. Source and target are in the same functional domain and are linked by a pragmatic function, so that the target is mentally acti

15、vated. 转喻是从一个概念域，即源域，向另一个概念域，即目标域的映射。源域和目标域属于同一功能域，它们之间的语用功能联系使目标域在心理上被激活。,26,PPT学习交流,转喻模式,Peirsman & Geeraerts 认为转喻依据接触力度（strength of contact）、有界性(boundedness) 和认知域(domain) 这三个层面向外扩展，形成转喻范畴。 一、空间和物质认知域中的邻近性 1) 空间部分与整体(SPATIAL PART & WHOLE) 九州中国 2) 容器与容纳物 (CONTAINER & CONTAINED) 壶烧开了 3) 方位与所在 (LOCAT

16、ION & LOCATED) 他上面有人。 4) 一件衣物与人 (A PIECE OF CLOTHING & PERSON) 5) 一件衣物与身体部分 (A PIECE OF CLOTHING & BODY PART) 6) 物质与客体 ( MATERIAL & OBJECT) Glass眼镜,27,PPT学习交流,二、 时间域中的邻近性 1) 时间部分与整体 (TEMPORAL PART & WHOLE) 2) 时间与实体 (TIME & ENTITY) 9-11 will never be forgotten.,28,PPT学习交流,三、 行为、事件和过程中的邻近性 1) 次事件与复杂事件

17、 (SUBEVENT & COMPLEX EVENT) 让我以后照顾你吧！ 2) 行动与参与者 (ACTION & PARTICIPANT) 这种洗衣粉把衣服洗得很白。 3) 方位与产品 (LOCATION & PRODUCT) Watergate changed our politics. 4) 生产者与产品 (PRODUCER & PRODUCT) I like to read Hemingway. 5) 控制着与被控制着 (CONTROLLER & CONTROLLED) The piano is ill today. 6) 拥有者与被拥有者 (POSSESSOR & POSSESSED

18、),29,PPT学习交流,7) 原因与结果 (CAUSE & EFFECT) 8) 先前与后果 (ANTECEDENT & CONSEQUENT) 9) 参与者与参与者 ( PARTICIPANT & PARTICIPANT) 10) 潜在与实际 (POTENTIAL & ACTUAL) Mary can speak five languages.,30,PPT学习交流,总成和堆拢认知域中的邻近性 总成：各部分功能性结构组合 堆拢：同等成员的集合 1) 特征与实体 ( CHARACTERISTIC & ENTITY) 大款 2) 核心因素与机构 ( CENTRAL FACTOR & INSTITUTION) The press 指代出版机构 3) 上位词与下位词 (HYPONYM & HYPERNYM),31,PPT学习交流,Why does metaphor exist? What can we do with the help of metaphor?,32,PPT学习交流,科学中的隐喻,隐喻将科学中的抽象概念具体化，使其更易解释与理解。 +COMPUTER WORK IS OFFICE WORK+ +VIRUS+