新编大学英语(第二版)外研社Book2Unit4Part_2A.ppt

1、Part Two Reading-Centered Activities,1. In-Class Reading,2. After-Class Reading,In-Class Reading,Is There a Doctor in the Body?,Part Two: In-class Reading,Background Information,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,Post-Reading,Background Information,Part Two: In-Class Reading Background Information,Psyc

2、hology,Behavior Therapy,Part Two: In-Class Reading Background Information,To be continued,Psychology tries to explain why people act, think, and feel the way they do. It is a young and growing science that covers a broad range of human activities. Psychologists are interested not only in how individ

3、ual minds work but also in the various interactions (交互作用) of minds in society.,Psychology,Part Two: In-Class Reading Background Information,To be continued,Psychiatry (精神病学，精神病治疗法) is a branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of serious mental disorders. Psychiatrists who work i

4、n hospitals, use a variety of methods including drugs, light therapy and electric shock treatments to cure or to control mentally disturbed people.,Difference Between Psychology and Psychiatry,Part Two: In-Class Reading Background Information,The whole field of psychoanalysis originated with the res

5、earch of the Austrian doctor, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).,Sigmund Freud,According to his theories, people are driven by irrational forces or primitive (原始的) instincts (本能). Much of Freuds work was based on his interpretation of dreams and sexual instincts.,Part Two: In-Class Reading Background Inform

6、ation,How does behavior therapy work?,Behavior therapy teaches patients to quell the anxiety that arises from social situations, and to face these situations rather than avoid them. It is not something done to a patient; it is a structured set of techniques that a patient learns to employ whenever a

7、nxiety, panic, discomfort, dysfunction or avoidance arises. It focuses on specific steps a patient can take to reduce anxiety and keep it from returning.,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,Global Reading,Pre-Reading Questions,Organization Analysis,Summary,Group Discussion,Understanding Specif

8、ic Information,1. Pre-Reading Questions,When you have any health problems, will you always go to the doctor? If so, what do you expect from the doctor? You can refer to the following words and expressions:,diagnose the problemcomfort me write a prescription time consuming give some tests a serious c

9、ase get over the problem more water,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,When I have health problem, I will go to the doctor. I want the doctor to examine me, to diagnose the problem, to write a prescription or to tell me if there is anything I should or should not do. I want the doctor to give

10、 me some necessary tests. Above all, I always expect the doctor to tell me that I will be able to get over the problem or recover quickly.,Sample 1,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,I usually avoid going to the hospital because to see a doctor is really tiring and time-consuming. So when I d

11、ont feel well and its not a very serious case, what I usually do is to have a good rest. For example, when I have a cold, I will drink a lot of water and stay in bed. If its a serious health problem and I cant recover by taking a good rest, Ill go to the doctor and get some medicine. Just like most

12、people, I hope the doctor will comfort me besides prescribing me the medicine.,Sample 2,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,2. Organization Analysis,To be continued,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,2. Organization Analysis,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,3. Understanding Spe

13、cific Information,Based on the information presented in the text, what would you say about the following statements? Write “Yes”, “No” or “Maybe” in the space provided.,To be continued,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,_1) A placebo may help a patient get well although it has no medicine in

14、it. _2) A placebo will be given when the patient is sure all will be well. _3) Patients strong will to get better, rather than the placebo, helps to heal them. _4) The doctor plays a key role in making the placebo work.,To be continued,Yes,No,Maybe,Yes,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,_ 5)

15、The test in Romania proves that placebos could help old people stay healthy and live longer. _ 6) Although placebos work with a lot of cases, doctors maintain that placebos should never be used. _ 7) The use of the placebo has had a long history. _ 8) We can heal our body by using our mind.,Yes,Yes,

16、No,Maybe,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,4. Summary,The study of the 1)_ opens up new knowledge about the way the human body 2)_ to medication. But it is not yet known how placebos 3)_. Some people say its because the 4)_ is fooled into believing it got medicine. Some people say this is no

17、t the 5)_. They believe the placebo makes the 6)_ to get better become 7)_. And many others think the success of this treatment 8)_ a lot with the 9)_ between the patient and the doctor. If the patient has a lot of 10)_ in the doctor, then the placebo is more likely to work. So in a 11)_, the doctor

18、 is the most 12)_ placebo of all.,placebo,reacts,work,mind,case,wish,reality,relationship,rests,trust,way,powerful,To be continued,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,The placebo has been found to work with a lot of different 13)_. It can work with sickness, coughs, colds and pain after an ope

19、ration. It can even help old people stay healthy and live longer. However, the placebo can also have 14)_ effects. When patients expect a bad reaction to 15)_, they will show a bad reaction to the 16)_. The strange 17)_ of the placebo does seem to suggest that the human mind is 18)_ than we think it

20、 is.,cases,bad,medicine,placebo,power,stronger,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,5. Group Discussion,Is there really a doctor in the body? If so, who do you think is the doctor? Why?,How would you feel if you knew your doctor had given you a placebo instead of medicine?,If you got better any

21、way, would you think the doctor had cheated you? Would you be pleased that you had been able to heal your own body just by believing that you could?,sample,sample,sample,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,Is there really a doctor in the body? If so, who do you think is the doctor? Why?,I thin

22、k there is a doctor in the body and it is the mind. Usually if we are quite confident, we will react as if everything will go well. That is to say, if we are mentally sure that we will get better, the body will start functioning better. Otherwise we will lose heart and our illness will probably get

23、worse. I really believe in the power of “mind over matter”.,sample,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,Back to the Topic,It depends. If I got better, I would feel lucky to have been given a placebo instead of real medicine because medicine often has some side effects. However, if I didnt feel

24、better, I would be very angry and probably would never go back to that doctor.,How would you feel if you knew your doctor had given you a placebo instead of medicine?,sample,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,Back to the Topic,I would think the doctor had cheated me. At the same time, I would

25、 be pleased that I had been able to heal my body just by believing that I could. I would be proud of my willpower and become more confident of myself.,If you got better anyway, would you think the doctor had cheated you? Would you be pleased that you had been able to heal your own body just by belie

26、ving that you could?,sample,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,Back to the Topic,Detailed Reading,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,Passage Reading,Understanding Sentences,Word Study,Is there a Doctor in the Body? When you go to the doctor, you like to come away with a prescription.

27、 It makes you feel better to know you will get some medicine. But the doctor knows that medicine is not always needed. 1Sometimes all a sick person needs is some reassurance that all will be well. In such cases the doctor may prescribe a placebo. 2A placebo is a sugar pill, a harmless shot, or an em

28、pty capsule. Even though they have no medicine in them, these things seem to make people well. The patient thinks it is medicine and begins to get better. How does this happen?,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,The study of the placebo opens up new knowledge about the way the human body ca

29、n heal itself. 3It is as if there was a doctor in each of us. The “doctor” will heal the body for us if we let it. 4But it is not yet known just how the placebo works to heal the body. Some people say it works because the human mind fools itself. 5These people say that if the mind is fooled into thi

30、nking it got medicine, then it will act as if it did, and the body will feel better. Other people say this is not so. 6They say that the placebo makes the wish to get better become reality. The placebo will not work if the patient knows it is a placebo. This shows that the body is not fooled by it.,

31、Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,It seems that if patients think they have been given medicine, they will have hope. They feel that they are getting some help. This gives them a stronger will to get better, and that is what helps to heal them. Placebos do not always work. The success of t

32、his treatment seems to rest a lot with the relationship between the patient and the doctor. If the patient has a lot of trust in the doctor and if the doctor really wants to help the patient, then the placebo is more likely to work. So in a way, the doctor is the most powerful placebo of all. An exa

33、mple of the doctors role in making the placebo work can be seen in this study. Some patients with bleeding ulcers were put in two groups.,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,The first group were told by a doctor that they had been given a new drug which, it was hoped, would give them some re

34、lief. 7The second group were told by a nurse that they had been given a new drug but that not much was known about how it would work. As a result, 70 percent of the people in the first group got much better. Only 25 percent of the people in the second group got better. And both groups had in fact be

35、en given the same thinga placebo. The placebo has been found to work with a lot of different cases. It helps such things as seasickness, coughs, colds, and even pain after an operation. And there was an experiment done to see if a placebo could help old people stay healthy and live longer.,Part Two:

36、 In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,The test was done in Romania with 150 people over the age of 60. They were put in three groups with 50 people in each group. The first group were given nothing at all. The second group were given a placebo. The third group were given a real drug and told that it wo

37、uld help with the problems of old age. (In fact, it was not a drug for old age at all.) The three groups were studied for many years. The first group showed no changes from the way old people in that village had always been. The second group (with the placebo) had much better health and a lower deat

38、h rate. The third group (with the real drug) showed much the same results as the group that took the placebo.,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,A placebo can also have bad effects. If patients expect a bad reaction to medicine, then they will also show a bad reaction to the placebo. 8This

39、would seem to show that a lot of how you react to medicine is in your mind rather than in your body. Some doctors still think that if the placebo can have bad effects it should never be used. They think there is still not enough known about it. And yet, the use of the placebo has been well known for

40、 hundreds of years in other countries. Tribal doctors in some African countries have known for a long time that patients will get better if they think they are going to. Many of the “treatments” they use do not seem able to make a sick person better, and yet such treatments work.,Part Two: In-Class

41、Reading Detailed Reading,The strange power of the placebo does seem to suggest that the human mind is stronger than we think it is. There are people who say you can heal your body by using your mind. And the interesting thing is that even people who swear this is not possible have been healed by a p

42、lacebo. (839 words),Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,Understanding Sentences,1. Sometimes all a sick person needs is some reassurance that all will be well.,有时病人所需要的只是一个一切都会好的保证。,“That all will be well” is the appositive clause of “reassurance”. Other words such as “fact, opinion, notion,

43、 suggestion, proposal, thought, news, truth, report”, can also be followed by appositive clauses.,Translation,Comments,To be continued,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,1)They spread the lie everywhere that Tom was arrested for theft. 2) We are not investigating the question whether he is

44、trustworthy. 3) The news that he had resigned took everyone by surprise. 4) I reject absolutely the notion that privatization of our industry is now inevitable.,Examples,Back to the text,以下划线部分均为前面红色单词的同位语从句。,Understanding Sentences,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,2. A placebo is a sugar

45、 pill, a harmless shot, or an empty capsule.,安慰剂可以是糖丸、无害的针剂或者空的胶囊。,placebo是本文的关键词。作为议论文，有必要对自己讨论的重要术语首先解释界定一下，使文章更加严谨，无懈可击，这是议论文常用的写作手法之一。这一句就是在给placebo下定义。,Translation,Comments,Back to the text,Understanding Sentences,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,3. It is as if there was a doctor in

46、each of us.,就好象我们每个人体内都有一个医生一样。,Review the usage of “as if”. “As if” or “as though” is used when you are giving a possible explanation for something or saying that something appears to be the case when it is not.,Translation,Comments,To be continued,Understanding Sentences,Part Two: In-Class Reading

47、 Detailed Reading,1) She looked as if shed had some bad news. 2) I remember the whole story as though it happened yesterday.,Examples,Back to the text,Understanding Sentences,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,4. But it is not yet known just how the placebo works to heal the body.,但是我们仍然不清楚

48、安慰剂究竟是如何治病的。,Translation,Comments,The word “work” has many meanings (you can refer to “Post-Reading 2. Find the right definition”). In this sentence, “work” means “produce a particular physical effect”.,Back to the text,Understanding Sentences,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,5. These peo

49、ple think that if the mind is fooled into thinking it,这些人说如果能使人脑上当，误以为,Translation,Comments,To be continued,fool sb. into doing sth.意为“愚弄别人去做某事，用欺骗的办法使某人做某事”。注意：“使某人做某事”除make sb. do sth.以外，还有persuade/cheat/coax/deceive/lure/frighten/ shame/trick, etc. sb. into doing sth.。,Understanding Sentences,Par

50、t Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,1) He persuaded him into going to the party. 2) He cheated her into believing him a wealthy man. 3) His family tricked him into going into Pakistan, and once he was there, they took away his passport. 4) The number of people out of work has shamed the governm

51、ent into taking action to prevent further job losses.,Examples,Back to the text,Understanding Sentences,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,6. They say that the placebo makes the wish to get better become reality.,他们认为病人希望身体好转，而安慰剂能促使这种愿望成真。,Translation,Comments,In this sentence, the phrase

52、“to get better” is used to modify “wish”. Sometimes “to do” can be put behind a noun or pronoun and work as an attributive to modify it.,Examples,The next train to arrive was from New York. It was a game to remember.,Back to the text,Understanding Sentences,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Readin

53、g,7. The second group were told by a nurse that they had been given a new drug but that not much was known about how it would work.,第二组病人由一位护士告诉他们用了一种新药，但是药效如何还不太清楚。,Translation,Comments,In this sentence “that they had been given a new drug” and “that not much was known about how it would work” are

54、two objective clauses of the word “told”, which are connected by “but”.,Back to the text,Understanding Sentences,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,8. This would seem to show that a lot of how you react to medicine is in your mind rather than in your body.,这似乎表明药物反应在很大程度上是心理上的而不是生理上的。,Trans

55、lation,paraphrase,This would seem to show that often the way you react to medicine is to a great extent related to your mind rather than to your body.,Back to the text,Understanding Sentences,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,Word Study,reassurance n.,help or advice that makes someone feel

56、 less worried or frightened about a problem 安慰，慰藉，保证,1. Despite her fathers reassurance she was still frightened of the dark. 2. Tom always looked to his mother for reassurance.,To be continued,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,Word Study,cf. assure, ensure, insure ensure意为确保某种行动或其结果一定会发生。

57、 assure指以十分肯定的语气向别人保证，后接抽象名词。 assure=insure. “保险”通常用insure，英式英语用assure作“保险”时，也多限于“人寿保险”。常用句型： assure sb. of sth. / that 使某人确信，向某人保证 ensure that 保证 ensure sb. sth. 保证某人得到某物 insure against 保险,To be continued,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,Word Study,(1) assure, ensure The doctor assured h

58、im that his child would recover from his illness. (b) To ensure the childs quick recovery, the doctor gave him an antibiotic. (2) assure, insure (a) He insured his house against fire for ten million yuan. (b) He insured/assured himself against death for ten million yuan.,Back to the text,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Rea