chapter 4 语篇翻译.ppt

1、,语篇翻译,“所谓语篇，即在交际功能上相对完整和独立的一个语言片段。内容相对完整的文章或著作节选可称为语篇”,翻译中如何看待语篇呢？ “重要的是，译者必须把翻译的篇章当作一个整体来看待。篇章固然是一个个段落、一个个句子组成的，但又比一个个段落、一个个句子的总合多些什么，因为篇章不是语句的机械叠加，而是一种有机的、动态的组合” -李运兴,“大语篇观” “译者翻译任何语篇时，必须有对该语篇的文化、历史、现状等有较好或者是粗浅的了解；理解正着手翻译的原文的全部，甚至局部、片段时，译者都要运用这一知识，因为所需翻译的原文涉及的有时不只是该短篇文字字面上所涉及的点滴知识，而且还会旁及使用该国文字的国家的

2、上下数百年乃至数千年的文化积淀，以及当前的社会现状” -居祖纯,从翻译题材来看，大多为国内报刊杂志上的文章和一般文学作品（汉译英）以及英美报刊杂志文章和文学原著（英译汉），速度为 250-300 字 ( 单词 )/ 小时。,语篇翻译以什么作为基本翻译单位为宜呢 ？ 整篇文章？ 语段群？ 还是句子？,翻译以原文自然段为基本单位比较合适。 因为： “一、可考虑到句与句之间的连接与呼应； 二、可考虑句与句之间的逻辑关系以重组句子； 三、可按译文结构的特点对原文进行段落重构或写； 四、可考虑到段与段之间的关系和衔接从而扩大到段群和整个语篇”。,段落组合 例如，汉语段落以“气”（语气）为先，逐一展开，语

3、句组合灵活，不拘形态，行文布局往往依“气”而行，“气”终则句止，段中各小句多呈竹节型平行铺开，“形”散而“神”聚。 英语则是一种语法关系配合制约严谨、形态标记鲜明、语义逻辑关系外显的语言，它以“形”统“义”，行文布局“形”到则“意”到，“形”不全则“意”不明，段落展开必须逻辑层次分明、语法关系严谨，因而它必须具备一套远比汉语完整精细得多的语法手段和规则。 翻译时若不明这一点，一味照搬汉语的方式在英语中行文布局，将会使译文章法大乱，溃不成文！,例 1 近代的上海，十里洋场， 自开埠以来，固然有许多辛酸的不平等的血泪史，固然有许多污泥浊水，这里被成为是“冒险家的乐园”， 这里有鸦片，有荡妇，有赌棍

4、， 使人纸醉金迷，乃至使人堕落。 可是，上海这座现代大城市却更有它的另一面， 它有活力、它聪慧、革新、进取， 它敢于担风险，有竞争意识及机制， 这种城市意识或风格，使人奋发，跟上时代，走向进步。,例 1 近代的上海，十里洋场， / 自开埠（读“布”）以来，固然有许多辛酸的不平等的血泪史，固然有许多污泥浊水，这里被成为是“冒险家的乐园”， / 这里有鸦片，有荡妇，有赌棍， / 使人纸醉金迷，乃至使人堕落。 / 可是，上海这座现代大城市却更有它的另一面， / 它有活力、它聪慧、革新、进取， / 它敢于担风险，有竞争意识及机制（？！）， / 这种城市意识（？！）或风格，使人奋发，跟上时代，走向进步。

5、,必须打破汉语的布局，按英语的习惯，用严谨缜密的语法手段，或拆开来译（译文 1 ），或按英语的逻辑排列重新组合（译文 2 ）,例 1 近代的上海，十里洋场， / 自开埠（读“布”）以来，固然有许多辛酸的不平等的血泪史，固然有许多污泥浊水，这里被成为是“冒险家的乐园”， / 这里有鸦片，有荡妇，有赌棍， / 使人纸醉金迷，乃至使人堕落。 / 可是，上海这座现代大城市却更有它的另一面， / 它有活力、它聪慧、革新、进取， / 它敢于担风险，有竞争意识及机制（？！）， / 这种城市意识（？！）或风格，使人奋发，跟上时代，走向进步。,(1) Shanghai in modern times was a

6、 metropolis infested with adventurers./ After the port city opened to foreigners, it undeniably witnessed a history of blood and tears, bitterness and inequality. / There was also, undoubtedly, filth and mire./ It was known as the “Paradise of Adventurers”./ There were opium-takers, harlots and game

7、sters. / All these induced people to wallow in luxury and even degeneracy. / There was , however, another facet to modern Shanghai . / It was vigorous, intelligent, creative and enterprising. / Not afraid of running risks, it had the awareness and mechanism of competition./ The city , with an awaren

8、ess of competition and a style of its own, inspired its people to catch up with the times and make progress. (2 拆 10 ，以单句为主，意义简明 ),（释义： 近代的上海曾是一个十里洋场。 / 自开埠以来，历经了充满辛酸、充满污秽和不平等的血泪史，以充斥着鸦片、荡妇、赌棍的“冒险家乐园”而着称，使人纸醉金迷，乃至堕落。 / 但上海又以其活力、聪慧、革新、进取，敢于担风险而展示出它的另一面，形成其特有的竞争意识和机制。 / 带着这种城市意识或风格，这座城市使人奋发，使人跟上时代，使人走

9、向进步。） (2 化 4 ，“合”“分”有序，结构较合理 ),(2) （试译，仅供参考） Shanghai in modern times was a metropolis crowded with foreign adventurers ./ After the port city opened up , it witnessed a history of blood and tears filled with bitterness, inequality, filth and mire, well-known as the “Paradise of Adventurers” for its

10、 rampant opium, harlots and gamesters, which induced people to indulge in luxury and even degeneracy. /There was, however, another facet to modern Shanghai noted for its vigor, intelligence, creations and enterprise with a spirit ready for running risks, which formed an awareness of its own and the

11、mechanism of competition. /The city, with this awareness or style, inspired its people to keep up with the times and make progress.,例 2 得病以前， 我受父母宠爱 ，在家中 横行霸道 。一旦隔离， 拘禁在 花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感到 打入冷宫 ， 十分郁郁不得志 起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴， 一时宾客云集，笑语四溢 。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄地 掀起 窗帘，窥见园中 大千世界 ， 一片繁华 。自己的哥姐、堂表兄弟，也穿插其间， 个个喜

12、气洋洋 。一瞬间，一阵 被人摈弃、为世所遗的悲愤 兜上心头 ，禁不住痛哭起来。,例 2 得病以前， 我受父母宠爱 ，在家中 横行霸道 。一旦隔离， 拘禁在 花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感到 打入冷宫 ， 十分郁郁不得志 起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴， 一时宾客云集，笑语四溢 。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄地 掀起 窗帘，窥见园中 大千世界 ， 一片繁华 。自己的哥姐、堂表兄弟，也穿插其间， 个个喜气洋洋 。一瞬间，一阵 被人摈弃、为世所遗的悲愤 兜上心头 ，禁不住痛哭起来。,参考译文 (1): Spoiled rotten by my parents, I had been b

13、ehaving like a real tyrant in the family before I fell sick. I felt like being thrown into a cold palace the minute when segregated and confined into in a small house on the hillside in our garden. I was depressed and frustrated . On a spring evening when all the flowers were blooming, my parents ga

14、ve a banquet in the garden and in no time, the garden was crowded with guests and the air was floated with laughter . Unnoticed by others, I lifted the curtain and peeped from my small room at the hustling kaleidoscope down in the garden. My older brothers and sisters, as well as my cousins, were sh

15、uttling joyfully back and forth among the guests. I was overwhelmed by a bitter sense of being abandoned and forgotten by people and just couldnt help but cried my eyes out.,例 2 得病以前， 我受父母宠爱 ，在家中 横行霸道 。一旦隔离， 拘禁在 花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感到 打入冷宫 ， 十分郁郁不得志 起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴， 一时宾客云集，笑语四溢 。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄地 掀起

16、窗帘，窥见园中 大千世界 ， 一片繁华 。自己的哥姐、堂表兄弟，也穿插其间， 个个喜气洋洋 。一瞬间，一阵 被人摈弃、为世所遗的悲愤 兜上心头 ，禁不住痛哭起来。,(2) Before I fell ill, I could have my way at home , since my parents doted on me a lot. Once I was isolated and confined in a chamber on the hillside of the garden, I suddenly felt I was neglected and became very depr

17、essed . One a spring evening, my parents held a banquet in the garden, where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom. For a time, guests gathered there , chatting and laughing . Quietly lifting the curtain of the chamber, I caught a glimpse of the hustling and exciting scene in the garden. I saw my

18、brothers, sisters and cousins were all there, full of joy . All of a sudden, I was caught by the feeling of being abandoned . With grief and indignation welling up inside me , I couldnt help crying bitterly.,语篇翻译常见问题及其对策 1、 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬 主要表现为摆不脱原文字面的束缚，跟着原文亦步亦趋， 斤斤于分寸不失 。,例 1. Solitude is an excelle

19、nt laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶 ) -in this respect Ive slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever . If I feel like it , I eat with my fingers , or out of a can , or standi

20、ng up-in other words, whichever is easiest .,例 1. Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶 ) -in this respect Ive slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever .

21、 If I feel like it , I eat with my fingers , or out of a can , or standing up-in other words, whichever is easiest .,(1) 孤独是一个很好的实验室， 在其中观察礼貌和习惯受别人制约所达到的程度 。我的 餐桌举止十分恶劣 这方面我已倒退了数百年；事实上我没有任何规矩，如果我觉得喜欢，我就 用手指吃 ，或 用罐头吃 ，或站着吃换句话说， 看那种吃法最容易 。 (2) 孤独 是一块极好的试金石 ， 利于观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约 。 我的吃相实在不雅 ，这方面 一下

22、就倒退了几百年， 实在是一点规矩也没有 。 只要觉得合适 ， 我可用手抓着吃 ， 直接拿着罐头吃 ，或是站着吃： 反正怎么省事就怎么吃 。,例 2. “ 我叫阿毛，没有应。出去一看，只见 豆 撒得一地，没有我们的阿毛了。他是不到别人家去玩的； 各处去一问，果然没有 。我急了，央人出去寻，直到下半天， 寻来寻去 寻到山坳里，看见刺柴上挂着他的一只小鞋。 大家都说， 糟了 ，怕是遭了狼了 。 再进去 ，他 果然 躺在草巢里，肚里的 五脏 已经 都给吃空了 ， 手上还紧紧地捏着那只小 篮 呢。 ”,例 2. “ 我叫阿毛，没有应。出去一看，只见 豆 撒得一地，没有我们的阿毛了。他是不到别人家去玩的；

23、 各处去一问，果然没有 。我急了，央人出去寻，直到下半天， 寻来寻去 寻到山坳里，看见刺柴上挂着他的一只小鞋。 大家都说， 糟了 ，怕是遭了狼了 。 再进去 ，他 果然 躺在草巢里，肚里的 五脏 已经 都给吃空了 ， 手上还紧紧地捏着那只小 篮 呢。 ”,(1)“I called Amao but no answer. I went out to have a look, only finding that the beans scattered over the ground, but our Amao could not be found. He never went to other p

24、eoples houses for playing. I went everywhere to ask, he was not there as expected . I got worried and asked some people to look for him. Not until in the afternoon, after searched everywhere , did they find a small shoe of his hanging on the bramble. Everybody said that it was too bad! He was likely

25、 to meet with a wolf! They then came in . He was indeed lying in the grass nest. His five internal organs were all eaten up . His hand still held tight that small basket!”.,例 2. “ 我叫阿毛，没有应。出去一看，只见 豆 撒得一地，没有我们的阿毛了。他是不到别人家去玩的； 各处去一问，果然没有 。我急了，央人出去寻，直到下半天， 寻来寻去 寻到山坳里，看见刺柴上挂着他的一只小鞋。 大家都说， 糟了 ，怕是遭了狼了 。 再

26、进去 ，他 果然 躺在草巢里，肚里的 五脏 已经 都给吃空了 ， 手上还紧紧地捏着那只小 篮 呢。 ”,(2) 试译，仅供参考！ “I called Amao but no answer. I went out to look for him , only finding the beans scattered over the ground but no Amao . Although I knew that he would never play in neighbours houses, I still went there to try but, with no surprise, f

27、ailed to find him . I got worried and sent people for him . Not until that afternoon, after trying anywhere possible in the mountains , did they find a small shoe of his hanging on the bramble. When seeing this , everybody there realized that something bad must have happened - he was killed by a wol

28、f! They went closer and found him, as expected , lying in the wolfs den , all his innards gone , with his hand still holding tight that small basket!”.,2、 结构松散，表达过于口语化 “ 英语有英语的文采；汉语有汉语的文采” “英语的文采主要表现在盘根错节、欲罢不能的绵长句型；表现在那易如反掌、新意闪烁的词的转义”（毛荣贵）,例 1 有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗

29、？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。,例 1 有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。,(1) Once at th

30、e crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no answer. “Are you getting off?”, the man asked again, but t he woman sill didnt pay attention to him . The man couldnt be polite any longer and asked loudly, the wo

31、man still had no response. “Are you a deaf or a dumb?” He became upset and gave a push to the woman , and also it attracted the attention of other passengers.At this time, the woman also became upset , stared at the man and gave him back a fist,例 1 有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。

32、“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。,(2) Once at the crowded doorway in a bus, I heard a man asked politely a woman before him: “Are you getting off? The woman had no response. He then repeated it but in vain . He got i

33、mpatient and asked louder : “Getting off?”, but still no answer at all . He became irritated, shouting : “Are you a deaf or a dumb?”, and gave her a push, which drew other passengers attention. Annoyed , the woman glared at him and hit him back (with her fist).,例 2 . 在中国古代史上，黄河被称为中华民族的“母亲”，她哺育了千千万万中

34、华儿女。黄河流域是中华民族的“摇篮”，也是中华文化的发祥地。远古时代，这里曾经草木茂盛、植物繁茂，中华民族的祖先便在这块广袤的土地上劳作生息。经过数十万年原始社会后，在中国辽阔的国土上，这里最先进入农业文明，也最早进入阶级社会。勤劳勇敢的中华儿女在这里谱写了惊心动魄的历史篇章，创造了绚丽多彩的艺术文化，黄河流域至今保留着大量的文化古迹。,例 2 . 在中国古代史上，黄河被称为中华民族的“母亲”，她哺育了千千万万中华儿女。黄河流域是中华民族的“摇篮”，也是中华文化的发祥地。远古时代，这里曾经草木茂盛、植物繁茂，中华民族的祖先便在这块广袤的土地上劳作生息。经过数十万年原始社会后，在中国辽阔的国土上

35、，这里最先进入农业文明，也最早进入阶级社会。勤劳勇敢的中华儿女在这里谱写了惊心动魄的历史篇章，创造了绚丽多彩的艺术文化，黄河流域至今保留着大量的文化古迹。,(1)In ancient history of China , the Yellow River was called the “mother of the Chinese nation, who fed hundreds of millions of Chinese people. The Yellow River Valley was called the “cradle” of the Chinese nation and it i

36、s the birthplace of its civilization. In ancient times, a lot of trees, grass, and plants overgrew in this vast land, where our ancestors lived and worked. After hundreds of thousands of years of the primitive society, the Yellow River Valley first entered the agricultural civilization and also the first class society in the vast territory of China , wher