研究生英语写译教程基础级第三版袁锡兴杨若东写作篇Chapter1Theparagraph

1、Progressive Writing,by Jessie Yao,Chapter 1 The Paragraph,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,2,Content,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,3,I. Introduction,Q: What is a paragraph? a basic unit of organization in writing develops one main idea; stand by itself, or: be part of a longer piece of writing.,Content,F

2、orm,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,4,I. Introduction,1. Pretest: Read and answer: page 2, model writing. A: (1) Topic sentence. (2) Concluding sentence. (3) Supporting sentences. (4) Transitional words. (5) One.,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,5,I. Introduction,Construction of a paragraph:,Transitional w

3、ords,One main idea,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,6,I. Introduction,Functions of each element:,TW,the main idea of the paragraph: naming restates important points to remember,link ss, show logic,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,7,I. Introduction,5 Elements of a paragraph: The topic sentence; Supporting se

4、ntences; The concluding sentence; Transitional words, aka cherence; The main idea, aka unity. Exercises: page4 C E A D B,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,8,II. The Topic Sentence,1. Pretest: Read and answer: page 5 Topic sentences: 2, 5, 8, 9 Q: Why and in what ways are the others unfit for topic senten

5、ces? Three important characteristics,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,9,II. The Topic Sentence,2. Three important characteristics: A complete sentence; The importance of communication. Communications is important between family members. Contains both a topic and a controlling idea; There are different o

6、pinions. There are different opinions about . even among experts. Different opinions arise from different sides people take. The most general statement in the paragraph.,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,10,II. The Topic Sentence,American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned

7、, frozen, and prepackaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter. American food is terrible. American food is terrible in two ways. American food is tasteless and greasy. Review: Three essential points 主题句必须是一个完整的句子 由主题词和主题思想的表述两部分构成 只是一种概括性的陈述而不提供具体的细节,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,1

8、1,II. The Topic Sentence,3. Position of Topic Sentences At the beginning of a paragraph; At the end of a paragraph; Implied. eg: page 6-7 Exercises: page 7 Para. 1: C A D B Para. 2: B G E A D C F Para. 3: D B E A F C Para. 4: B E F C A D G,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,12,II. The Topic Sentence,4. Th

9、e Two Parts of a Topic Sentence Topic Controlling idea,to name the subject, or main idea,to make a specific comment about the topic, which indicates what the rest of the paragraph will say about the topic,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,13,II. The Topic Sentence,eg: Smoking cigarettes can be an expensi

10、ve habit. It is an expensive luxury to own an automobile in a large city. Exercises: page 9,Topic,Controlling Idea,Topic,Controlling Idea,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,14,II. The Topic Sentence,5. Writing Topic Sentences Two points: be neither too general nor too specific; avoid too many unrelated id

11、eas. San Francisco is famous for its temperate climate, its many tourist attractions, and its cosmopolitan atmosphere. Exercises: page 11,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,15,II. The Topic Sentence,Exercises: page 11: Para. 1: American English takes in a lot of foreign words. Para. 2: The educational sys

12、tem in European universities is quite different from that in American universities. Para. 3: People usually use local materials available to build their homes. Para. 4: There are many similarities between doctors and teachers.,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,16,III. The Concluding Sentence,Optional, no

13、t required. Functions: signals the end of the paragraph. summarizes the main points of the paragraph. gives a final comment on the topic and leaves the reader with the most important ideas to think about.,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,17,III. The Concluding Sentence,Ways of writing a concluding sente

14、nce: Eg1: Synonyms, words that have the same basic meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning. For example, . Therefore, you should be careful in choosing words because many so called synonyms are not really synonymous at all. Paraphrasing 同义改写,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,18,III. The Co

15、ncluding Sentence,Eg2: Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. First of all, gold has . Another important characteristic of gold is . In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility. Summerizing the main points 总结要点,2020/8/9,by Jessie Ya

16、o, HUEL,19,III. The Concluding Sentence,End-of-paragraph signals: To sum up In sum Hence To conclude In the end In a word All in all .,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,20,III. The Concluding Sentence,Exercises: page 13: Para. 1: Paraphrasing: In short, you need first be an attentive listener before beco

17、ming a good speaker. Summarizing: In summary, good manners in listening, such as attention, not being interruptive, and body language, can be as important in a conversation as speaking itself.,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,21,III. The Concluding Sentence,Exercises: page 13: Para. 2: Paraphrasing: Thu

18、s, modern corporate workers are constantly under great pressure as a result of the advance in communication technology. Summarizing: Therefore, the corporate workers often get overworked and feel frustrated in dealing with the overwhelming messages made possible by the modern communication technolog

19、y.,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,22,IV. Unity,1. Pretest: Read and answer: page 14 Para.1: Topic sentence: Adventure travel is the hot trend in the tourism industry. Irrelevant sentence: People of all ages are choosing educational study tours for their vacations.,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,23,IV. U

20、nity,Para.2: Topic sentence: Daredevil sports are also becoming popular. Irrelevant sentence: Soccer is also becoming popular in the United States, where it was not well known until recently.,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,24,IV. Unity,2. Important Points of Unity Unity： only one main idea is discusse

21、d every supporting sentence must directly explain or prove the main idea that is stated in the topic sentence. eg: page 15-17 Best one: Topic sentence:,para. 2,The first sentence,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,25,IV. Unity,Problem with para.1: Mothers can give the HIV virus to . 75 to 85 percent of in

22、fections. Problem with para.2: There is evidence that in the United States, the United Kingdom, . at least among males. Although there is no cure for HIV-AIDS, new medicines are available that prolong the lives of people with HIV.,A new topic,Irrelevant sentences,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,26,IV.

23、Unity,Exercises：page 17 The first sentence of each paragraph: 1) Logic, which is basis of rhetoric, . 2) English logic and English rhetoric, . 3) A type of construction found in Arabic and Persian writing. 4) Some Asian writers, . 5) Spanish rhetoric . 6) In summary, .,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,2

24、7,IV. Unity,Exercises：page 18 para. 1: Topic sentences: 1) The question iswhich language? 2) That day is decades away, however, because . Irrelevant sentences: 1) His company spends $200 million . 2) Computer spelling checkers .,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,28,IV. Unity,para. 2: Topic sentences: 1)

25、Even when you try to be polite, . 2) Although Americans are usually very direct in social matters, . Irrelevant sentences: 1) American meals are usually more informal . 2) Idioms are often difficult .,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,29,V. Coherence,1. Pretest: Read and compare: page 19 Translation 2 is

26、 better because: the use of transitional words; the use of grammatical structure words; the use of logic words (pronouns and nouns); the use of proper tense/ mood.,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,30,V. Coherence,2. Comparison Between English and Chinese Writing in Coherence Coherence ： being connected

27、naturally and logically by a common principle,form,meaning,transitional, structural, logic words,context, no explicit words,hypotaxis,parataxis,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,31,V. Coherence,Three ways to achieve coherence in English: 1. Repeating key nouns. 2. Using pronouns that refer back to key no

28、uns. 3. Using transition signals.,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,32,V. Coherence,3. Repetition of Key Nouns Consecutive use of key nouns and pronouns. Read and count: Model 1 _ gold _ it _ its Exercise: Read and repalce, page 21,7,2,3,12 words refering to gold,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,33,V. Cohere

29、nce,English has almost become an international language. Except for Chinese, more people speak it than any other language. Spanish is the official language of more countries in the world, but more countries have it as their official or unofficial second language. More than 70 percent of the worlds m

30、ail is written in it. It is the primary language on the Internet.,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,34,V. Coherence,In international business, it is used more than any other language, and it is the language of airline pilots and air traffic controllers all over the world. Moreover, although French used t

31、o be the language of diplomacy, it has displaced it throughout the world. Therefore, unless you plan to spend your life alone on a desert island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, it is a useful language to know.,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,35,V. Coherence,Exercise: Read and repalce, page 22 Dolph

32、ines are interesting because they display almost human behavior at times. For example, they display the human emotions of joy and sadness. During training, when they do something correctly, they squeal excitedly and race toward their trainer. When they make a mistake, however, they droop noticeably

33、and mope around their pool. Furthermore, they help each other when they are in trouble.,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,36,V. Coherence,If one is sick, it sends out a message, and others in the area swim to help it. They push it to the surface of the water so that it can bearthe. They stay with it for

34、days or weeks until it recovers or dies. They have also helped trapped or lost whales navigate their way safely out to the open sea. They are so intelligent and helpful, in fact, that the US Navy is training them to become underwater bomb disposal experts.,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,37,V. Coherenc

35、e,4. Use of Consistent Pronouns Two donts: Dont change from you to he or she (change of person) Dont change from he to they (change of number). Exercise: Read and repalce, page 22,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,38,V. Coherence,Olympic athletes must be strong both physically and mentally. First of all,

36、 if you hope to compete in an Olympic sport, you must be physically strong. Furthermore, an aspiring Olympian must train rigorously for many years. For the most demanding sports, they train several hours a day, five or six days a week, for ten or more years. In addition to being physically strong, h

37、e or she must also be mentally tough.,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,39,V. Coherence,This means that you have to be totally dedicated to your sport, often giving up a normal school, family, and social life. Being mentally strong also means that he or she must be able to withstand the intense pressure

38、of international competition with its attendant media coverage. Finally, not everyone can win a medal, so they must possess the inner strength to live with defeat.,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,40,V. Coherence,5. Transitions Transitions are signals used to show the precise relationship between ideas.

39、,Go,Slow,Stop,similarly moreover furthermore in addition,on the other hand however in contrast,in conclusion to sum up,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,41,V. Coherence,Other types of transitional words/phrases: example: for example; for instance; take . as an example; . result: as a result; consequently

40、; thereby; . Remember: never too many, nor too few.,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,42,V. Coherence,Exercise: Read, compare and underline, page 23 The more coherent one: para.2 Transitional signals: Another, For example, First of all, therefore, consequently, Furthermore,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,43

41、,V. Coherence,6. Types of Transitional Signals Three groups by grammatical function: Sentence connectors; Clause connectors; coordinating conjunctions; subordinating conjunctions. Others. Further categorized in meaning/function. See page24-25,2020/8/9,by Jessie Yao, HUEL,44,V. Coherence,Read and study: Learn more about the usage of each type and finish the exerc