高三英语二轮复习课件3阅读理解.ppt

1、2011年高考早已落下帷幕，综观全国18套高考卷，不难看出2011年阅读理解的命题完全符合考试大纲的要求，体现了突出语篇，强调应用，体裁和题材丰富多样，凸显能力考查等特点。同时，阅读理解也是高考试题中难度最大、区分度最高的题型。考查了考生整体把握语篇和准确理解特定细节的能力。 2011年高考阅读理解题呈现以下特点：,一、题材丰富，语篇真实；体裁多样，搭配合理 2011年高考阅读理解题目选材真实，题材多样，涉及了较多的话题，包括生活、文化、时事、科技、人物、环保、动物、校园、艺术、营销、广告、健康等。体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，而且每组阅读试题中的体裁搭配合理，避免了体裁的单一。研

2、究2010年全国及各地试题可知，阅读理解的体裁以说明文居多，其次是记叙文和应用文。,二、词汇要求高，活用词比比皆是 高考阅读理解对运用英语词汇能力的要求有所提高，凡是能利用构词法知识判断出词性和词义的都不作为生词处理，不再给出汉语注释，纯超纲词汇也屡有出现；一词多义，熟词生义现象更是使用频繁；活用词比比皆是。考生在平时应多积累词汇，阅读时才能不断克服词义理解的困难。,三、语篇结构较为复杂，长难句较多 高考阅读材料基本保留了其原有的语言风格，短文的语篇结构都有一定难度。作者在阐述问题时都使用了多种语篇手段和修辞方法，文章的展开不全是平铺直叙，而是兼有倒叙、插叙等多种方式；一词多义，多种时态的混用

3、，简单句、复合句、虚拟语气，结构复杂的长句、倒装句、省略句以及插入语等语言现象也随处可见。行文的跳跃程度也比较大，陈述次序富于变化，隐含信息较多，再加上阅读材料的文化含量加大，文章的遣词造句趋于地道，因此，许多文段读起来感到“生涩”，常常要反复阅读几次才能读懂。,四、题型分布合理，加大了对整体理解、根据、推理和判断能力的考查 命题既重视对表层意义的理解，又重视对深层含义的考查，深层考查题主要是通过寻找文章段落的主题句，结合文字脉络来归纳文章的中心话题、确定文章标题、推断作者意图或态度等。,高考解题视角如下： 一、提高词汇复习质量，夯实阅读基础 阅读水平的高低取决于阅读基础的强弱，其中词汇量的大

4、小是非常重要的阅读基础。因而，考生平时一定要注意积累词汇，注重培养自己的词汇处理能力以及根据构词法判断派生词及合成词的词义和词类的能力；培养根据上下文处理一词多义、熟词生义等语言现象的能力；留意一些与阅读理解密切联系的词汇及其功能，如：替代词、街接词、语法连接词、逻辑连接词的功能。,二、“精”“泛”结合，相互补充 精读时，要弄清每个词、每句话的确切含义，仔细分析文章中的种种语言现象。其语言点、句子结构、词语用法搭配等要熟读甚至能够背诵。同时，也要求考生能从整体上把握文章，看作者是如何组织材料、谋篇布局的。此外，精读应选择高质量的阅读训练材料，熟读乃至背诵，通过阅读提高阅读能力，通过阅读记忆词汇

5、，通过阅读理解语法，通过阅读学习写作。,考生还应坚持每天泛读12篇文章，一可扩大知识面，提高理解力；二可通过日积月累的泛读增加文化背景知识储备，同时培养英语语感。泛读应注意不同内容、题材、体裁的搭配，尤其应多涉猎交际功能强、使用性强的应用文和说明文，最好能每天阅读一定数量的最新英语报刊或网络上的文章，以积累和丰富语言经验。,三、培养快速阅读的能力 近几年的高考阅读理解题篇幅加长，不断加大对阅读速度的考查力度，不少考生存在阅读速度慢、快速处理信息的能力差等问题。对此，考生应从两个方面着手提高阅读速度：1.矫正不良阅读习惯。如声音化、伴随动作、画线法、翻译法、用手指字、复读等。阅读时应做到把注意力

6、放在语言意义上，把领会作者要表达的主要意思作为第一目的，加大“目光跨度”，以“意群”为阅读单位，养成意群阅读的习惯；要学会动作略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、地点，理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。2.有针对性地进行限时阅读训练。,四、培养大量阅读和长时间阅读的信心和毅力 很多考生习惯于58分钟的单篇阅读理解，而当面对总词数达2000多、历时35分钟的高考英语阅读理解时，常会烦躁不安、无信心和缺乏毅力。因此，平时必须限时阅读与高考难度及长度相当的阅读材料，以适应高考阅读理解的测试形式。,高考答题策略如下： 一、快速读题，正确理解题干，定位关键词，带着问

7、题读文章 通过快速读题，确定题干中的关键词，即能够反映题干的中心信息或能体现题干最大特征的词，如时间、数字、专有名词、实义名词、抽象名词、典型的形容词和副词以及中心动词等。把握题干中的关键词有助于有的放矢地阅读及确定正确答案。,二、运用正确的阅读策略，变速阅读文章，学会处理文中冗余信息 在把握文章的中心时运用略读法(skimming)，即仔细读文章的首尾段和中间段的首尾句；在寻找文中具体信息时可运用扫读法(scanning)。备考时，考生要学会变速阅读，即阅读时有所读有所不读。要慢读重点句、首尾段，特殊语言现象，含有题干关键词的句子，连续数行并列或同义的句子，作为解释、说明、类比的例子或细节。

8、对于所有题目已定位的剩余部分(不含考题的句段)要快速阅读。广告应用文体中与题目无关的信息可以略读。,另外，由于阅读量增加，语篇加长，信息量随之增大，必然会出现很多冗余信息。因而，考生在阅读时要学会捕捉和综合利用有效信息，不拘泥于个别与阅读理解题无关的词语、句子或段落。,三、注意特殊语言现象，在含关键词的句子处做上标记 特殊的语言现象指文中表示因果、比较、转折、举例等关系的语言现象。阅读时应留意表示这些关系的标志词，如连接词、副词、代词、介词短语、关系词、插入语等，如：since/ because/ as/ for/ with/ because of/ due to/thanks to/ owi

9、ng to/ though/ as/ while/ whereas/ but/ yet/ however/ which/ and/ therefore/ so/ for example/ so that/ so.that./ on the one hand.on the other(hand).等。它们在上下文中具有让步、转折、指代、递进、对比、列举、承上启下等作用，正确理解并掌握这些词汇的作用，对做阅读理解题大有好处。,四、注意正确项和干扰项的特征，回读全文，确定答案 正确项的特点有：1.正话反说；2.肯定句变双重否定；3.同义词替换；4.叙述角度转换，意思不变。干扰项的特点是：1.绝对化，

10、选项中出现绝对化的词汇，如only, all, any, every, absolute, always, never等时应格外小心；2.偷换概念，如扩大或缩小范围，要特别关注名词前有无限定词；3.片面化，以偏概全，以细节代主题等；4.换段现象，如某题考第二段内容，但把别的段落的信息放在选项中；5.无中生有，如加上最高级、唯一性、虚假比较、无关话题等。,五、利用排除法或题目间的内在逻辑关系来判断题目答案 有些题目不能从某句中直接找到答案，而是涉及全文的多个句子或段落，这时可使用排除法。有些题目尤其是主旨题，如果利用排除法也难以解决，则可利用题目之间的内容逻辑关系，即通过题目之间的关系来考虑。,

11、六、合理猜测，推敲生词 考生在阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些生词。这时，要沉着冷静，细心思考。有些生词可从构词法角度分析判断词义，比如unforeseeable一词，其中词根为see, fore的含义是“早先，预先”，un为前缀，是“不”的意思，able是形容词后缀，由此可以推知，此词词义为“未能预见的”。多数生词可根据上下文来推测其词义。首先要把整段、整篇文章看完，通过对全篇短文的理解，就很有可能猜测出生词的词义。另外，还可以根据含有生词句子的前后句来猜测其真正含义。,典例1(2010浙江卷，E) I needed to buy a digital camera, one that was si

12、mply good at taking good snaps (快照), maybe occasionally for magazines. Being the cautious type, I fancied a reliable brand. So I went on the net, spent 15 minutes reading product reviews on good websites, wrote down the names of three top recommendations and headed for my nearest big friendly camera

13、 store. There in the cupboard was one of the cameras on my list. And it was on special offer. Oh joy. I pointed at it and asked an assistant, “Can I have one of those？” He looked perturbed(不安).,“Do you want to try it first？” he said. It didnt quite sound like a question. “Do I need to？” I replied. “

14、Theres nothing wrong with it？” This made him look a bit insulted and I started to feel bad. “No，no. But you should try it，” he said encouragingly. “Compare it with the others.”,I looked across at the others : shelves of similar cameras placed along the wall, offering a wide range of slightly differe

15、nt prices and discounts, with each company selling a range of models based around the same basic box. With so many models to choose from, it seemed that I would have to spend hours weighing X against Y, always trying to take Z and possibly H into account at the same time.,But when I had finished, I

16、would still have only the same two certainties that I had entered the store with: first, soon after I carried my new camera out of the shop, it would be worth half what I paid for it;_and second, my wonderful camera would very quickly be replaced by a new model.,But something in the human soul whisp

17、ers that you can beat these traps by making the right choice, the clever choice, the wise choice. In the end, I agreed to try the model I had chosen. The assistant seemed a sincere man. So I let him take out my chosen camera from the cupboard, show how it took excellent pictures of my fellow shopper

18、s. and when he started to introduce the special features, I interrupted to ask whether I needed to buy a carrycase and a memory card as well.,Why do we think that new options(选择) still offer us anything new? Perhaps it is because they offer an opportunity to avoid facing the fact that our real choic

19、es in this culture are far more limited than we would like to imagine. 本篇通过作者购买相机的一次经历，告诉我们买产品时没有必要做太多的选择。,1The shop assistant insisted that the writer should _. Atry the camera to see if there was anything wrong with it Bcompare the camera he had chosen with the others Cget more information about d

20、ifferent companies Dtrust him and stop asking questions,答案：B。事实细节题。由第一段售货员所说的话“Do you want to try it first？”； “No, no. But you should try it”； “Compare it with the others.”可知售货员坚持让作者将所选的相机与其他相机作比较，故选B项。,2What does the writer mean by“it would be worth half what I paid for it” ( Paragraph 2) ? AHe sho

21、uld get a 50% discount. BThe price of the camera was unreasonably high. CThe quality of the camera was not good. DThe camera would soon fall in value.,答案：D。推理判断题。画线部分所在句的后半句“.my wonderful camera would very quickly be replaced by a new model.”提到我的照相机将很快被一个新的型号代替，这样的话老产品就容易降价，故选D项。,3The writer decided

22、 to try the model he had chosen because he _. Aknew very little about it Bdidnt trust the shop assistant Cwanted to make sure the one he chose would be the best Dhad a special interest in taking pictures of his fellow shoppers,答案：C。事实细节题。由第三段第一句“But something in the human soul whispers .by making th

23、e right choice, the clever choice, the wise choice.”可知作者想试他所选择的模型是因为确定自己做出了正确的选择，故选C项。,4It can be inferred from the passage that in the writers opinion, _. Apeople waste too much money on cameras Bcameras have become an important part of our daily life Cwe dont actually need so many choices when buy

24、ing a product Dfamous companies care more about profit than quality,答案：C。推理判断题。由第一段作者所说的话“Do I need to”以及最后一段的内容及语气，如“it is because they offer an opportunity to .than we would like to imagine”可知在比较完之后，作者没说过一句自己认为值得比较的话，可推出作者认为当我们买产品时没有必要做太多的选择。,典例2(2010重庆卷，A) One morning more than thirty years ago,

25、I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humblest(卑微的) to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled. He was wearing a wornout hat and was alone. I asked if I might join him. He agreed quiet

26、ly and I sat down to have my breakfast.,We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a wide range of things. We never introduced ourselves. I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat. So as I rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of cof

27、fee, I asked, “May I get you something？” “A coffee would be nice.”,Then I bought him a cup of coffee. We talked more, and he accepted another cup of coffee. Finally, I rose to leave, wished him well, and headed for the exit. At the door I met one of my friends. He asked. “How did you get to know Mr.

28、 Galbreath？” “Who ？” “The man you were sitting with. He is chairman of the Board of Churchill Downs.” I could hardly believe it. I was buying, offering a free breakfast, and feeling pity for one of the worlds richest and most powerful men!,My few minutes with Mr. Galbreath changed my life. Now I try

29、 to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and to meet another human being with kindness and sincerity. 本文是一篇议论文。文章通过“我”和世界上最富有、最有影响力的人物Mr.Galbreath在Track Kitchen餐馆的不期而遇，以及我误认为他是非常贫穷而为他支付咖啡钱的故事，告知我们：不要以貌取人。,1What does the underlined word “disheveled” mean? AUnfriendly.BUntidy.

30、CGently. DKind. 答案：B。猜测词义题。由文章第一段信息句“I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly，unshaven man(我注意到空桌旁坐的那位年龄较大且满脸胡须的人)”和“He was wearing a wornout hat(他戴着一顶破旧的帽子)”可知，这人外表看起来显得有点不整洁(untidy)。,2The author bought coffee for the old man because _. Ahe thought the old man was poor Bhe wanted to start a conv

31、ersation Che intended to show his politeness Dhe would like to thank the old man 答案：A。事实细节题。由第二段信息句“I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat(我担心他可能没钱买吃的)”可以得知，作者为那位老人支付咖啡钱的原因就是他认为那位老人可能很穷。故选A。,3How did the author probably feel after he talked with his fr

32、iend? AProud. BPitiful. CSurprised. DRegretful.,答案：C。推理判断题。文章前三段主要讲述“我”和老人的不期而遇以及“我”对老人的直观感觉似乎穷困，衣冠不整；而“我”令人啼笑皆非的是：当“我”朋友问我是如何认识这位世界最富有、最有影响力的人物Mr.Galbreath时，“我”简直无法相信自己的耳朵(I could hardly believe it)。从而判断“我”不是感到骄傲(proud)、可怜(pitiful)和遗憾(regretful)，而是感到非常惊讶。故选C。,4What is the message mainly expressed i

33、n the story? AWe should learn to be generous. BIt is honorable to help those in need. CPeople in high positions are not like what we expect. DWe should avoid judging people by their appearances.,答案：D。主旨大意题。纵观全文，特别是最后一段Now I try to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and to m

34、eet another human being with kindness and sincerity可以推测，我们判断一个人不能只看外表，即：不要以貌取人。故选D。我们应该学会慷慨(A)；帮助需要帮助的人是一种荣幸(B)；职位高的人与我们所想象的不一样(C)，文章根本没有涉及。故排除A、B和C。,典例3(2010安徽卷，B) Have you ever wondered? 1.Why do airplanes take longer to fly west than east？ It can take five hours to go westeast from New York (NY)

35、to London but seven hours to travel eastwest from London to NY. The reason for the difference is an atmos-pheric phenomenon known as the jet(喷射) stream. The jet stream is a very high altitude wind which always blows from the west to the east across the Atlantic. The planes moving at a constant air s

36、peed thus go faster in the westeast direction when they are moving with the wind than in the opposite direction.,2.What would happen if the gravity on Earth was suddenly turned off？,Supposing we could magically turn off gravity. Would buildings and other structures (建筑物) float away？ What happened wo

37、uld depend on how strongly the things were attached to the Earth. The Earth is moving at quite a speed， moving at over a thousand miles per hour. If you turn something around your head on a string(细绳)， it goes around in a circle until you let go of the string.,Then it flies off in a straight line. S

38、witching off gravity would be like letting go of the string. Things not attached to the Earth would fly off in a straight line. People in buildings would suddenly shoot upwards at a great speed until they hit the ceiling. Most things outside would fly off into space. 本文是一篇科普文，作者向我们解释了两种自然现象：1.飞机向西飞行比向东飞行时间长的原因；2.如果地球引力突然消失将会出现的结果。,1What information can we get from the first passage? AIt is