知识点——构词法-1-2.ppt

1、,知识点 构词法,构词法,【知识点解析】,一、概念 英语的构词法主要有：合成法，转化法，派生法，混成法，截短法和词首字母缩略法。 二、相关知识点精讲 1. 转化法 英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。,构词法,【知识点解析】,1)动词转化为名词 很多动词可以转化为名词，大多意思没有多大的变化(如下 )；有时意思有一定变化(如下 )；有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一个动作(如下 )。例如： Lets go out for a walk. 我们到外面去散散步吧。 He is a man of strong build.

2、 他是一个体格健壮的汉子。 Lets have a swim. 咱们游泳吧。,构词法,【知识点解析】,2)名词转化为动词 很多表示物件(如下 )、身体部位(如下 )、某类人(如下 )的名词可以用作动词来表示动作，某些抽象名词(如下 )也可作动词。例如： Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗? Please hand me the book. 请把那本书递给我。 She nursed her husband back to health. 她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。 We lunched together. 我们在一起吃了午餐。,构词法,【知识

3、点解析】,3)形容词转化为动词 有少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如： We will try our best to better our living conditions. 我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。 4)副词转化为动词 有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如： Murder will out. (谚语) 恶事终必将败露。,构词法,【知识点解析】,5)形容词转化为名词 表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如下 )；某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数(如下 )。例如： You should be

4、dressed in black at the funeral. 你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。 The old in our village are living a happy life. 我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。,构词法,【知识点解析】,2. 派生法 在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。 1)前缀 除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。 (1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意

5、义相反的新词。例如： appear出现disappear消失 correct正确的incorrect不正确的 lead带领mislead领错 stop停下non-stop不停,构词法,【知识点解析】,(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词)， anti- (反对；抵抗)， auto- (自动)， co- (共同)， en- (使)， inter- (互相)， re- (再；又)， sub- (下面的；次；小)， tele- (强调距离)等。例如： alone单独的 antigas防毒气的 autochart自动图表 cooperate合作 enjoy使高兴 internet互联

6、网 reuse再用 subway地铁 telephone电话,构词法,【知识点解析】,2)后缀 英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。 (1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人)，-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful,构词法,【知识点解析】,(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使化)，-ize (使成为)。例如： widewiden加宽 beautybeautify美化 purepurify提纯

7、 realrealize意识到 organorganize组织,构词法,【知识点解析】,(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。例如： nature自然natural自然的 reason道理reasonable有道理的 America美国American美国的 China中国Chinese中国人的 gold金子golden金

8、的 east东eastern东方的 child孩子childish孩子气的 snow雪snowy雪的,构词法,【知识点解析】,(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如： angry生气的angrily生气地 to到towards朝，向 east东方eastward向东 (5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。例如： six六sixteen十六sixteenth第十六 four四forty四十fortieth第四十,构词法,【知识点解析】,3. 合成法 1)合

9、成名词 名词名词weekend周末 名词动词daybreak黎明 名词动名词handwriting书法 名词及物动词er/or pain-killer止痛药 名词介词名词editor-in-chief总编辑 代词名词she-wolf母狼,构词法,【知识点解析】,动词名词typewriter打字机 动名词名词reading-room阅览室 现在分词名词flying-fish飞鱼 形容词名词gentleman绅士 副词动词outbreak爆发 介词名词afternoon下午,构词法,【知识点解析】,2)合成形容词 名词形容词snow-white雪白的 名词现在分词English-speaking讲

10、英语的 名词to名词face-to-face面对面的 名词过去分词man-made人造的 数词名词one-way单行的 数词名词形容词two-year-old两岁的 数词名词ed five-storied五层的 动词副词see-through透明的,构词法,【知识点解析】,形容词名词high-class高级的 形容词名词ed noble-minded高尚的 形容词形容词light-blue浅蓝色的 形容词现在分词good-looking相貌好看的 副词形容词ever-green常青的 副词现在分词hard-working勤劳的 副词过去分词well-known著名的 副词名词fast-food

11、专门提供快餐服务的 介词名词downhill下坡的,构词法,【知识点解析】,3)合成动词 名词动词sleep-walk梦游 形容词动词white-wash粉刷 副词动词overthrow推翻 4)合成副词 形容词名词hotfoot匆忙地 形容词副词everywhere到处 副词副词however尽管如此 介词名词beforehand事先 介词副词forever永远,构词法,【知识点解析】,5)合成代词 代词宾格self herself她自己 物主代词self myself我自己 形容词名词 anything任何东西 6)合成介词 副词名词inside在里面 介词副词within在之内 副词介词

12、into进入,构词法,【知识点解析】,4. 截短法(缩略法) 截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。 1)截头 telephonephone aeroplaneplane omnibusbus,构词法,【知识点解析】,2)去尾 mathematicsmaths co-operateco-op examinationexam kilogramkilo laboratorylab taxicabtaxi,构词法,【知识点解析】,3)截头去尾 influenzaflu refrigeratorfridge prescriptionscript 5. 混合法(混成

13、法) 混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。 news broadcast newscast新闻广播 television broadcast telecast电视播送 smoke and fog smog烟雾 helicopter airport heliport直升飞机场,构词法,【知识点解析】,6. 首尾字母缩略法 首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。 very important personVIP (读字母音)要人；大人物 televisionTV (读字母音)电视 T

14、esting of English as a Foreign LanguageTOEFL托福,构词法,【典型例题】,1. That man was _ enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job. A. care B. careful C. careless D. carelessness 2. The soldier died for saving the child, so his_ is heavier than Mount Tai. A. die B. dead C. died D. death 3. The

15、child looked _ at his brother who was badly wounded. A. sadly B. sadness C. sadly D. sad,构词法,【典型例题】,4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a _. A. chemistry B. chemical C. chemist D. physician 5. The three- _chair isnt suitable for a young child. He may fall off. A. legging B. legged C. le

16、gs D. leg 6. Stephenson became the _ railway engineer in the world. A. lead B. leader C. leading D. leadership,构词法,【典型例题】,7. When the teacher praised him for working out the math problem, Jack looked _ about at his classmates. A. proud B. proudly C. pride D. pridely 8. To everyones _, the girl finis

17、hed the job quite well. A. satisfied B. satisfactory C. satisfying D. satisfaction 9. What are you doing here? Oh, my teacher asked me to write a passage about _in English. You can write _ passage in English? A.600 words；a 600-words B.600-word；a 600-words C.600 words；a 600-word D.600 words；a 600-wor

18、ds,构词法,【典型例题】,10. No one should enter the spot without the _ of the police. A. permit B. permission C. permitting D. permittence 11. You must come with us to the police _. Our head is waiting for you. A. headquarters B. headline C. headmaster D. headache 12.Letting that animal escape was no accident

19、; you did it _. A. intend B. intention C. intentionally D. intentional,构词法,【典型例题】,13. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a_ smile. A. practice B. practise C. practical D. practiced 14. The _ ordered him to pay a $100 fine. A. judger B. judgment C. judge D. judgement 15. My TV is out of orde

20、r. Can you tell me what the _ news about Iraq War is? A. lately B. latest C. later D. latter,构词法,【典型例题】,16. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in _. A. longer B. length C. long D. longing 17. To my _, I passed the exam easily. A. joy B. joyful C. joyless D. joyness 18. Canada is mainly an _ country

21、. A. English-speaking B. speak-English C. spoken-English D. English-spoken,构词法,【典型例题】,19. How_ he is! He is always acting _. He is really a _. A .foolish; foolishly; fool B. fool; foolish; fool C. foolish; fool; fool D. foolishly; foolish; fool 20. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. Its o

22、f great _. A. valuable B. C. valueless D. invaluable 21. There were _ fish in the river in South America. A. in danger B. danger C. dangerous D. dangerless,构词法,【典型例题】,22. The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is_. A. sound B. silent C. silence D. sounded 23. The child looked at me_. A. stranger B. stra

23、ngely C. strange D. strangeness 24. The black people were against slavery and fought for their _ bravely. A. free B. freely C. freedom D. frees,构词法,【典型例题】,25. What you said sounded_ but in fact it was untrue. A. reasonable B. reasonful C. reasonless D. unreason 26. We have to learn _ technology from

24、 other countries. A. advance B. advancing C. advantage D. advanced 27. The children live in a village _. They come here almost every day. A. near by B. near C. nearly D. neared,构词法,【典型例题】,28. Mr Black is an _in the army, not an _ in the government. You can not easily find him in his_. A. official; o

25、fficer; office B. officer; office; official C. official; official; official D. officer; official; office 29. Youd better give up smoking if you want to keep _. A. health B. healthy C. healthily D. healthier 30._ speaking, I didnt do it on purpose. A. Honestly B. Honest C. Honesty D. Dishonest,构词法,【典型例题】,参考答案 1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 16-20 BAAAB 21-25 CBBCA 26-30DADBA,构词法,【典型例题】,解析： 1. careful 仔细的，小心的。careless粗心的。carelessness粗心大意。 2.