Balance能量平衡

1、Section A.1a The Earth Radiation Balance 能量平衡 / The Heat Energy Budget Table of Content 內容大綱 I.)The earths radiation / heat energy budget 能量收支 II.)Insolation over the globe (at different latitude)全球太陽輻射(不同緯度) III.)Spatial variation in energy / net radiation 全球能量的空間差異 IV.)Heat transfer mechanisms 能量傳

2、送機制 V.)Mans impact on the earths radiation balance 人類對能量平衡的影響 I.)THE EARTHS RADIATION / HEAT ENERGY BUDGET 能量收支 A.)The Atmosphere 大氣層 A.1.) The Troposphere 對流層 - Weather and climate directly affects man within this layer. - 這層的大氣和氣候直接影響人類 - water vapour 水汽 : as an insulating blanket slows the escape

3、 of heat from the earths surface : 隔熱的覆蓋, 能減慢熱量從地面的流失 - dust particles 塵粒 : scatters solar insolation, serves as condensation nuclei in producing cloud : 散射太陽輻射, 作為凝結核, 造成雲 A.2.) The Stratosphere 平流層/ ozone layer 臭氧層 - concentration of O3集中 - as a shield, protecting the troposphere and earths surfac

4、e from most of the ultraviolet radiation found in suns rays 作為屏障, 保護對流層和地面免受大量的紫外線影響 - without the ozone layer 若沒有臭氧層, : all exposed bacteria destroyed 所有裸露的細菌會被破壞 : animal tissues severly damaged 動物纖維嚴重受損 : increase in skin cancer in humans 增加人類患皮膚癌的機會 : reduction in crop yields of plants 農作品產量下降 :

5、 deaths of certain forms of marine life 某些海洋生物死亡 : global temperature rise leading to a melting of the ice caps, causing flooding of coastal areas 全球增溫令冰塊溶化, 沿海地區可能會被淹沒 B.) The Global Energy Balance 全球能量平衡 B.1.) Energy Balance 能量平衡 - incoming radiation equals outgoing radiation, - 進入的輻射等於流出輻射 - this

6、 balance is not achieved everywhere on the globe - 但不是全球接收的能量一致平衡 B.2.) Insolation Losses in the Atmosphere 大氣層中輻射/能量的流失 surface 100% 5%(1) 15%(2) Sunny cloudy 80%(3) 0% cloudy (1) scattering, diffuse reflection by dust particles 2 minimum 低水平 Polar regions 兩極地區 : 1 maximum; 1 minimum 3. Effects of

7、land and sea 海陸影響 -different heating and cooling rate 不同的吸熱和散熱率 ; albedo rate 反射率 -Sea 海洋 4. Effects of aspect and elevation 坡向和高度的影響 - sun-facing slope 向陽坡, : south-face slope in North- Hemisphere 北半球的向南坡 -normal lapse rate 正常溫度遞減率 : high land T高地溫度較低 5. Urbanization 城市化(urban heat island 城市熱島) -Ur

8、ban 市區 T, rural 農村 T III.)SPATIAL VARIATION IN ENERGY / NET RADIATION 能量的空間差異 Global Variation 全球能量的空間差異 -Solar energy is intercepted by planet, -太陽能被地球截留 -thus the temperature of the earth has raised. -地球溫度因此而上升 -At the same time, the planet radiates energy into space. -同時, 地球亦以輻射的形式將能量送回太空。 -The e

9、quatorial region 赤道地區 : energy received 能量接收 energy lost 能量流失 - The polar region 極地 : energy received 能量接收 outgoing energy 能量支出 : between 40N & 40S 之間 Energy deficit 能量虧損: incoming 能量收入 outgoing 能量支出 : poleward of 40N & 40S 北緯 40的極地方向 及 北緯 40的極地方向 IV.)HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS 能量傳送機制 Heat transfer 能量

10、傳送 -export energy from regions with plenty of heat to the regions lacking in heat -將能量由有大量能量的地區傳送至能量不足的地區 -e.g. motions of the atmosphere and oceans -例如: 大氣和海洋的流動 -the average of heat energy remains constant. -平均熱量保持穩定 1.) The transfer of sensible heat by warm air masses 溫暖氣流傳送感熱 -The wind carries w

11、arm air and water vapour away from the tropics. 風將溫暖的空氣和水汽帶離熱帶地區。 -The warm air thus transfers heat to the cooler latitudes. 溫暖的空氣將熱量運送到較涼的緯度地區。 -There are also flows of cooler air from the poles towards the equator to replace the air that moves polewards. 同時，亦有較涼的空氣從極地吹至赤道作補充。 2.)The transfer of la

12、tent heat in the form of atmospheric moisture大氣水份傳送潛熱 -Water vapour condenses, the energy us released as sensible heat and warms the surrounding atmosphere. -當水汽凝結，能量便以感熱的形式釋放出來, 溫暖四周的大氣。 3.)The convection of sensible heat by ocean currents洋流對流感熱 (warm currents 暖流) -The ocean currents transfer large amounts of energy polewards 洋流向極地方向運送大量能量。 V.)MANS IMPACTS ON THE EARTHS RADIATION BALANCE 人類對能量平衡的影響 ( Urban Heat Island 城市熱島) 1.) concen