教学案二：定语从句

1、教学目标：1. 让学生掌握定语从句的基本用法，懂得什么叫定语从句，什么叫先行词，什么叫关系代词和关系副词等几个基本概念。2. 让学生知道关系代词和关系副词的用法，包括在定语从句中充当什么成分，是否可以省略等，能在课本中找出定语从句，能完成基本的定语从句练习。教学重点：1. 如何判断定语从句中该使用关系代词还是关系副词？2. 弄清只能用that的情况和不能用that的情况。教学难点：1. whose后接名词如何与关系代词which ,whom相互转换。2. 关系副词如何与介词+关系代词相互转换。3. 什么时候关系代词可以省略，什么时候不可以省略。4. 关系代词as的用法。定语从句定语从句在句中做

2、定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常 出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：_, _, _, _, _, _,等。 关系副词有：_, _, _等。1. 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当_, _, _等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致；关系代词在定语从句中作_时，可以省略。 1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作_或_。例如： Is he the man who/that wants to see

3、you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作_） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作_） 2） whose 用来指人或物，（只作_, 若指物，它还可以同_ _互换，即whose + n = _或_；若指人，可以同_ _互换，即whose + n =_或_）。例如： This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country. They rushed over to help the man _ car (_)ha

4、d broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book _ cover (_) is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3）which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作_或_等。例如： The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语） 2. 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或原因的名词，在从句中作状语。 关系副词when, where, why

5、的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用。例如： He will always remember the day _ (_ which ) his father returned from America. Beijing is the place _（_ which）I was born.北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason _（_ which） he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 注意：判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必

6、须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 判断改错： （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

7、 （对） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago? A. whereB. that C. o

8、n which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one 答案：例1 D，例2 A 例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾

9、语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语） 。3. 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1） 定语从句有_和_两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句

10、意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用_分开。例如： This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性） 2） 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired las

11、t year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, _ I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。 3） 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets

12、 me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, _ is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 注意：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 4. 介词+关系词 1）介词后面的关系词_(能？不能？)省略，即介词+_或者介词+_。 The man _ _ I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University. This is the house _ _ I used to live. 注意：如果介词与动词构成的是固定搭配，介词不可以和动

13、词拆开前置，例如：look for, look after, take care of 等。 This is the person whom you are looking for.2）that前不能有介词。 3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如： This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。 This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on whi

14、ch you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？ Do you remember the day when you joined our club? 5. as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中，当在句中时可以用as，也可以用which。例如： _ we all know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。 The sun heats the

15、 earth, _ is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖起来，这对我们人类很重要。He married her, _ was natural. 典型例题 1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. whichD. he 答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。 2）The weather turned out to be very go

16、od, _ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。 3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park. A. thatB. whichC. as D. it 答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可

17、以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： （1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 （2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。 as 的用法：a. the sameas；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。例如： I have got into the same trouble as he（has）. 我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。 I bought the same book as you have. Hell marry

18、as pretty a girl as he can find.注意：当先行词被the same 修饰时，that 也可以引导定语从句，但是意义有所不同。 the same as (指同样或同类的，不是同一个) ，the same that (指同一个) This is the same watch _I lost. This is the same watch _ I lost.b. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如，正像，从句中常有know, expect, happen, point out. plan, suggest等词语。例如： _ we all know, smoking is

19、 harmful to ones health. 如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。 _ is known to all, smoking is harmful to ones health. He came back home late, _ we expected._ is pointed out, this is a grammar problem. as是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。 6. 关系代词that 的用法 1）不能that的情况 a） 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如： （错）The tree, that is four

20、hundred years old, is very famous here. b） 介词后不能用。例如： We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。 We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. This is the house in which Lu Xun used to live.2） 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a）在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 There is an expression I

21、his eyes that I cant understand. b）在不定代词，如：everthing, something, anything, nothing, one, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 Ill do everything _ I can to help you. All _ is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything_ he had stolen to the police.

22、 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。 c）先行词有the only, the very,the right, the same修饰时，只用that。 The only thing _ matters is to find our way home. This is the very book _ Ive been looking for. d）先行词为序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。. The first English novel _ I read was A Tale of Two Cities. Its the best film _ I have ev

23、er seen. e）先行词既有人，又有物时。例如： Look at the old man and his dog _ are walking in the street.f) 当特殊疑问句由who或which引导时，为避免重复，只用that。Who is the man _is standing by the door?Which is the dictionary _ you bought yesterday?g) 先行词在定语从句中充当表语时，只用that。The village is not the one _ it was 30 years ago. The man is not

24、the one _ he used to be.7. 几种复杂的定语从句 (1) the way 后面的定语从句： 如果先行词是the way，定语从句的先行词可以用in which, that或不填。 Please tell me the way _ you did the job.(2) 定语从句中加插入语： 关系代词与动词之间有时有一个插入语，有时用逗号隔开，有时没有逗号隔开。常用的插入语的动词有believe, suppose, guess, say 等。 This is the man _I believe is honest. We feed the children _ we t

25、hink are hungry.(3) 分隔式定语从句： 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语，状语或谓语隔开。例如： There is an expression I his eyes _ I cant understand. The days are gone forever _ the Chinese people were looked down upon.8. what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever 1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything。例如： What you want has been

26、 sent here. 你要的动词都送来了。 Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。 2） who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如： （错）Who breaks the law will be punished. （错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear. （对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法，与庶民同罪。 （对）Who robbed the bank is not c

27、lear. 谁抢了银行还不清楚。 3） that 和 what 当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。what只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如： I think（that）you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。 What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。 相关练习：1. Youd better not drink water _ has not been boiled. A. whic

28、h B. whom C. whose D. who 2. The director and his movie _ you have just talked about are really popular. A. who B. which C. that D. of whom 3. He regrets buying the dog _ was very old and died the next month. A. who B. whom C. whose D. which 4. This is the house _ my father bought on a rainy evening

29、. A. which B. that C. / D. all of the above 5. She is my former classmate _ handwriting is very good. A. whom B. whose C. of whom D. which 6. Is the girl your friend _ you shook hands just now? A. which B. that C. to whom D. with whom 7. In fact the Sweden did not understand the three questions _ we

30、re asked in French.A. where B. who C. which D. what 8. Didnt you see the man _ I nodded to just now? A. which B. whom C. whose D. to which 9. I cant find the gold ring _ I spent 100 dollars. A. that B. on which C. which D. in which 10. The radio set _ I bought last week has gone wrong. A. / B. for w

31、hich C. over which D. what 11. Suddenly she saw a wall of water _ was quickly advancing towards her and she cried. A. who B. whom C. that D. what 12. Jeff was standing, holding onto a tree _ grew against the wall. A. and B. it C. who D. which 13. Many people _ saw the film were afraid to swim in the

32、 sea when they remembered the film. A. / B. which C. whom D. who 14. Flora _ beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet started crying, but no help came. A. whose B. whom C. who D. that 15.The garden _ was once so beautiful was completely destroyed, swept away by the wild water. A. what B. which C. / D. how 16.The man _ leg broke in a match used to be a football player. A. that B. who C. whom