生态学概念、研究范畴及研究方法.ppt

1、Ecological spectrum,Biosphere, Landscape, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism, Organ system, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Subcellular organelles, Molecules Branches of Ecology Chemical, Molecular, Physiological, Behavioral, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Landscape, Evolutionary, Theoretical, Conse

2、rvation and management, Biodiversity,Journals: Behavioral Ecology, Biological Conservation, Chemical Ecology, Conservation Biology, Conservation Ecology, Ecological Application, Ecological Modeling, Ecological Monograph, Ecologist, Ecology, Environmental Management, Evolutionary Ecology, Functional

3、Ecology, Journal of Animal Ecology, Journal of Applied Ecology, Journal of Wildlife Management, Landscape Ecology, Molecular Ecology, Oecologia, Oikos, Trends in Evolution and Ecology, etc.,Methods of studying ecology,To understand, describe, explain, predict and control Scale Lab experiment, field

4、experiment, natural trajectory experiment, natural snapshot experiment, mathematical model,Ecology of forest birds,5 warbler sp. of similar ecological requirement Feeding zones In the presence or absence of other species Competition and partitioning,Energy budget of bumblebee,How to keep warm in col

5、d environment? Energy gain for feeding energy loss from flying, feeding and keeping warm Lab and field studies Number and kinds of flower visited, sugar content of flower Energy loss at different temperature,Brown trout v.s. Native Galaxias,Fish Mayfly nymph algae Activity pattern (lab and field exp

6、.) Habitat preference (natural exp.) Community effect (field exp.),Trophic cascade effects flowing down from one trophic level to the next and the next Energy flow Primary production: trout Galax Secondary production: trout Galax,Succession of old fields Natural trajectory vs. natural snapshot Corre

7、lation vs. mechanism within field comparison indicated introduced sp.and prairie sp. as N Field experiment sp. composition and N supply,Nutrients in the rain forest canopy,Epiphytes mats to 4x of the nutrient content of the foliage of the canopy trees Photosynthesis, migratory birds, bats,Fox-rabies

8、 (math model),Assumptions: no recovery or immune, no migration, random contact Biology: life span 2 yrs., 1 cub/yr, latent phase 28 days, die 5 days after becoming infectious,N = S + L + I dS/dt = (b-d)S -SI dL/dt = SI - dL - L dI/dt = L - dI - I - contact rate - reaction rate - rabies-induced morta

9、lity,Merits of model,Summarizing current knowledge Approximation and simplification Hypotheses testing Exploring scenarios and situations Caution in evaluation and prediction,Factors affecting the abundance and distribution of species,Historical factors evolution and speciation continental drift geo

10、logical and climatic changes Abiotic factors chemical and physical environment,Biotic factors competition, predation, mutualism, etc. Dispersal Behavioral factors Human factors,Darwinian evolution by natural selection,individual variation variation is heritable differential reproductive rate the int

11、eraction between the characteristics of individual and the environment,Fitness,a measure of biological success # of gene or genome put into the next generation the proportionate contribution that an individual makes to future generation,The fittest individual those that leave the greatest # of desce

12、ndants those that transport more gene to the next generation,Example,Model: an annual, only one gene, asexual reproduction, reproduce only once in life time. 5 genotypes: A, B, C, D, and E G, S, F = proportion of energy devoted to growth, survival (against predator), and fecundity,# of seed Genotype

13、sSpring/Summer Fall Survival 10A 2 large2 seeds 4 10 B 9 small1 seeds 9 10C 2 small4 seeds 8 10D 4 medium5 seeds 20 10E 5 med-small4 seeds 20 Total 61 G:F:S in A=6:1:1, B=1:1:6, C=1:6:1, D=1:1:1, E=1:1:2,Genotypefrequency before after one generation A 10/50=0.24/61=0.06 B0.29/61=0.15 C0.2 8/61=0.13 D0.220/61=0.33 E0.220/61=0.33 Fitness = # of gene/genome put into the next generation Fitness of D&E = 20/10 = 2 Fitness of C = 8/10 = 0.8 Fitness of B = 9/10 = 0.9 Fitness of A = 4/10 = 0.4,Questions,Is the population biologically successful? Are those genotypes eq