精神分析复习大纲

1、精神分析复习大纲题型：单选题30分；简答题：30分案例分析10分论述题30分1、极端退缩：退缩什么时候使用？overstimulated or distressed导致退缩产生的家庭养育原因？Experiences of emotional intrusion or impingement by caregivers and other early objects can reinforce withdrawal; conversely, neglect and isolation can also foster that reaction by leaving a child depende

2、nt on what he or she can generate internally for stimulation主要使用退缩防御的人格？Schizoid personality styles退缩的弊端？The obvious disadvantage of withdrawal is that it removes the person from active participation in interpersonal problem solving.退缩的优势？The main advantage of withdrawal as a defensive strategy is t

3、hat while it involves a psychological escape from reality, it requires little distortion of it能否举例说明，在你的人生经历中，不由自主使用极端退缩的例子？一般性的、非极端的退缩有吗？2、否认否认的内在机制？Denial lives on automatically in all of us as our first reaction to any catastrophe; the initial response of individuals who are informed of the death

4、 of someone important to them is typically “Oh, no!” This reaction is the shadow of an archaic process rooted in the childs egocentrism, in which a prelogical conviction that “If I dont acknowledge it, it isnt happening” governs experience.什么时候可以说否认发生了？Experiences of rapture and overwhelming exhilar

5、ation, especially when they occur in situations in which most people would perceive some negative aspects to their circumstances, are similarly assumed to reflect the operation of denial否认的好的功能是什么？A person whose feelings get hurt in situations in which it is inappropriate or unwise to cry is more li

6、kely to deny the hurt feelings than to acknowledge them fully and inhibit the crying response consciously. In crises or emergencies, a capacity to deny emotionally that ones survival is at risk can be lifesaving: Denial may permit the most realistically effective and even heroic actions.否认的坏的功能？An a

7、cquaintance of mine refuses to get annual Pap smears, as if by ignoring the possibility of cancer she can magically avoid it. Spouses who deny that their abusive partner is dangerous, alcoholics who insist they have no drinking problem, mothers who ignore the evidence of sexual molestation of their

8、daughters, elderly people who will not give up a drivers license despite obvious impairmentall are familiar examples of denial at its worst成熟防御机制中的否认是什么表现的？Take, for instance, the consoling belief that the person who rejected you really desired you but was not ready for a full commitment. Such a con

9、clusion includes denial that one was rejected as well as the more sophisticated excuse-making activity that we refer to as rationalization.主要使用否认防御机制的人格可能是什么？hypomanic成人否认的好处？screen out and transform painful affects for long periods of time举例说明，在你的人生经历中有不由自主地使用否认防御机制的例子。3、全能控制：为什么说心理等同时候就是全能控制？“psyc

10、hic equivalence,” in which the external world is felt as isomorphic with the internal one.全能控制的三个发展阶段？He noted that at the infantile stage of primary omnipotence or grandiosity, the fantasy that one controls the world is normal; that this naturally shifts, as the child matures, to a phase of seconda

11、ry or derived omnipotence in which one or more caregivers are believed to be all-powerful; and that eventually, the maturing child comes to terms with the unattractive fact that no ones potency is unlimited.成人的全能感的功能？Some healthy residues of the sense of infantile omnipotence remain in all of us and

12、 contribute to feelings of competence and effectiveness in life.病态全能感的表现？For some people, the need to feel a sense of omnipotent control, and to interpret experiences as resulting from their own unfettered power, remains compelling.the psychopathic range (“sociopathic” and “antisocial” are terms of

13、later origin)全能感对于事业的影响？Such people are common in enterprises that require guile, a love of stimulation or danger, and a willingness to subordinate other concerns to the central objective of making ones influence felt. They can be found in leadership roles in business, in politics, in covert operati

14、ons, among cult leaders and evangelists, in the advertising and entertainment industries, and in other walks of life where the potential to wield raw power is high举例说明你的人生经历里全能控制的使用情况。4、极端理想化与极端贬低对父母等客体进行理想化的功能？against overwhelming fears被孩子理想化的父母对于孩子的“双刃剑”影响？It is an undisputed advantage in the boo-

15、boo curing department, and there is nothing more touching than a childs total and loving trust, but in other ways it creates in parents a barely controllable exasperation.正常理想化有什么功能？Normal idealization is an essential component of mature loveA by-product of idealization and the associated belief in

16、perfection is that imperfections in the self are harder to bear; fusion with an idealized object is an attractive remedy.去理想化与分离个体化的关系？a normal and important part of the separationindividuation process.对全能理想化养育者的渴望带来的麻烦有哪些？they are evident in phenomena like the insistence that ones lover is perfect,

17、 ones personal guru is infallible, ones school is the best, ones taste is unassailable, ones government is incapable of error, and similar illusions.主要使用极端理想化与贬低的人格是什么？有什么表现？narcissistic personalityPeople who live their lives seeking to rank all aspects of the human condition according to how compar

18、atively valuable they are, and who appear motivated by a search for perfection through merger with idealized objects, efforts to perfect the self, and tendencies to contrast the self with devalued alternatives, have narcissistic personalities.原始理想化为什么会比如导致原始贬低？Since nothing in human life is perfect,

19、 archaic modes of idealization are doomed to disappointment.原始贬低在咨询关系里面是如何表现的？Clinicians working with narcissistic people can ruefully attest to the damage that may ensue when the client who has thought that a therapist can walk on water decides instead that the therapist cannot walk and chew gum at

20、 the same time. Treatment relationships with narcissistic clients are notoriously subject to sudden rupture when the patient becomes disenchanted.日常生活中的原始理想化与原始贬低的表现有哪些？who seemed to promise much and then failed to deliver. The man who believed that his wifes oncologist was the only cancer specialist who could cure her is the one most likely to initiate a lawsuit if death eventually defeats the doct