Unit 2 Space Invaders综合教程四PPT精选文档

1、1,Unit2,Unit 2 Space Invaders,2,Watch the video and answer the following questions.,How is the “getting through the door” movement understood by many people?,Pre-reading Activities - Audiovisual supplement 1,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information,Many view this apparently light-hearted tussle a

2、s a sign that Arafat and Barak were getting on well.,Arafat and Barak are struggling to get through the door after the other party in order to show “I am in control”.,2. What is the hidden message behind the scene?,Body language is very important, but often complex and easily misunderstood.,3. What

3、does this story tell us?,3,Pre-reading Activities - Audiovisual supplement 2,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information,From Secret of Body Language,4,Voiceover: But body language is often complex, and easily misunderstood. Here, President Clinton leads the Israeli and Palestinian leaders Ehud Bara

4、k and Yasser Arafat up before the press during peace negotiations. Its all smiles for the cameras, but behind the faade of bonhomie, theres a power struggle going on. Clinton jokingly explains that none of them will take any questions. Clinton: We promise to each other we will answer no question and

5、 offer no comments, so I have to set a good example. Voiceover: The body language then reveals just why that works. Expert A: Wow. Its almost a physical fight.,Video Script1,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information,5,Voiceover: Many view this apparently light-hearted tussle as a sign that Arafat

6、and Barak were getting on well. Think again. Expert A: There is a great meaning behind who goes through the door first. Now of course here in the West, letting someone through the door first doesnt really matter. Polite maybe. But in the Middle East, it has significant cultural impact. Expert B: The

7、 host, the power person, says, “Im in control. Ill help you through the door. Ill show you the way.” Arafat: Thank you. Thank you. Voiceover: Throw in the fear and tension present in most Middle East negotiations, and suddenly, the desire of,Video Script1,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information,

8、6,both Arafat and Barak not to go through that door before the other starts to make sense. Expert C: This is a classic example in its extreme way of how the last man through the door is the winner. So Barak reaches for Yasser Arafat. Arafat literally grasps his arm, moves on, and starts waggling his

9、 finger at Barak, who, then, Barak, uses this opportunity as a wrestling match to move around, to actually be behind Arafat, and then literally grasps Arafat, holds him by the arm, and shoves him through the door. Expert B: So youve got fear and power struggle, showing in big big big big bold body l

10、anguage with it.,Video Script1,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information,7,Personal space can be imagined as a kind of bubble surrounding a person that protects his or her privacy and which other people may not normally enter. Allowing somebody to get very close and enter your personal space may b

11、e a sign of trust or love. On the other hand, intruding others personal space can be rather offensive. The amount of space people need to feel around them varies with various factors, such as culture, sex, familiarity between people, crowdedness of the situation, etc. For example:,Cultural informati

12、on 1,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information,8, people from cultures that like a lot of personal space feel awkward and embarrassed when somebody comes too close to them; people of the same sex may sit or stand closer to each other than to somebody of the opposite sex; strangers and casual acqua

13、intances usually need more space than friends and members of the same family who know each other well; in a noisy street people may need to stand closer than they would normally, simply in order to hear each other.,Cultural information 2,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information,9,Structural analy

14、sis,In the text, the writer first points out the fact that nowadays people are more concerned about themselves and want to have a larger personal space than decades ago, and then he analyzes the causes of space invasion. The text can be divided into three parts.,Part I,(Paragraphs 1 2): The writer c

15、alls the readers attention to the invasion of personal space by relating an experience of how his personal space was invaded.,Rhetorical features,Structural analysis,Part II,(Paragraphs 3 7): The writer analyzes some likely causes of the shrinkage of personal space, and attributes the invasion of pe

16、rsonal space to the general decline of good manners.,10,Structural analysis,Rhetorical features,Structural analysis,Part III,(Paragraphs 8 9): The author presents his view about the essence of personal space, i.e. it is psychological, rather than physical, and urges people to “expand the contracting

17、 boundaries of personal space”.,11,Rhetorical Features 1,A vivid and accurate description of the behaviour of the space invaders and those whose personal space is being invaded is achieved by a delicate selection of verbs. Some of the examples are as follows.,Rhetorical features,Structural analysis,

18、a man started inching toward me (Paragraph 1) In elevators, people are wedging themselves in just before the doors close . (Paragraph 3) In movie theatres these days, people are staking a claim to both armrests, annexing all the elbow room . (Paragraph 7),Verbs and verbal phrases used to describe th

19、e behaviour of space invaders:,12,Rhetorical Features 1,Verbs and verbal phrases used to describe the reaction of those whose space is being invaded: I minutely advanced toward the woman in front of me . (Paragraph 1) who absent-mindedly shuffled toward the white- haired lady ahead of him . (Paragra

20、ph 1),Rhetorical features,Structural analysis,Practice: Please find more examples to illustrate the authors careful choice of verbs.,13,Detailed reading1,Detailed reading,SPACE INVADERS Richard Stengel 1 At my bank the other day, I was standing in a line snaking around some tired velvet ropes when a

21、 man in a sweat-suit started inching toward me in his eagerness to deposit his Social Security check. As he did so, I minutely advanced toward the woman reading the Wall Street Journal in front of me, who, in mild annoyance, began to sidle up to the man scribbling a check in front of her, who absent

22、-mindedly shuffled toward the white-haired lady ahead of him, until we were all hugger-mugger against each other, the original lazy line having collapsed in on itself like a Slinky.,14,Detailed reading2,Detailed reading,2 I estimate that my personal space extends eighteen inches in front of my face,

23、 one foot to each side, and about ten inches in back though it is nearly impossible to measure exactly how far behind you someone is standing. The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, seventies ring to it (“Youre invading my space, man”), but it is one of those gratifying expressions that are intui

24、tively understood by all human beings. Like the twelve-mile limit around our national shores, personal space is our individual border beyond which no stranger can penetrate without making us uneasy.,15,Detailed reading3,3 Lately, Ive found that my personal space is being invaded more than ever befor

25、e. In elevators, people are wedging themselves in just before the doors close; on the street, pedestrians are zigzagging through the human traffic, jostling others, refusing to give way; on the subway, riders are no longer taking pains to carve out little zones of space between themselves and fellow

26、-passengers; in lines at airports, people are pressing forward like fidgety taxis at red lights.,Detailed reading,16,Detailed reading4,4 At first, I attributed this tendency to the “population explosion” and the relentless Malthusian logic that if twice as many people inhabit the planet now as did t

27、wenty years ago, each of us has half as much space. Recently, Ive wondered if its the season: T-shirt weather can make proximity more alluring (or much, much less). Or perhaps the proliferation of coffee bars in Manhattan the number seems to double every three months is infusing so much caffeine int

28、o the already jangling locals that people can no longer keep to themselves.,Detailed reading,17,Detailed reading5,5 Personal space is mostly a public matter; we allow all kinds of invasions of personal space in private. (Humanity wouldnt exist without them.) The logistics of it vary according to geo

29、graphy. People who live in Calcutta have less personal space than folks in Colorado. “Dont tread on me” could have been coined only by someone with a spread. I would wager that people in the Northern Hemisphere have roomier conceptions of personal space than those in the Southern. To an Englishman,

30、a handshake can seem like trespassing, whereas to a Brazilian, anything less than a hug may come across as chilliness.,Detailed reading,18,Detailed reading6-7,6 Like drivers who plow into your parked and empty car and dont leave a note, people no longer mutter “Excuse me” when they bump into you. Th

31、e decline of manners has been widely lamented. Manners, it seems to me, are about giving people space, not stepping on toes, granting people their private domain. 7 Ive also noticed an increase in the ranks of what I think of as space invaders, mini-territorial expansionists who seize public space w

32、ith a sense of manifest destiny. In movie theatres these days, people are staking a claim to both armrests, annexing all the elbow room, while at coffee shops and on the Long Island Railroad, individuals routinely commandeer booths and sets of facing seats meant for foursomes.,Detailed reading,19,De

33、tailed reading8,8 Ultimately, personal space is psychological, not physical: it has less to do with the space outside us than with our inner space. I suspect that the shrinking of personal space is directly proportional to the expansion of self-absorption: people whose attention is inward do not bot

34、her to look outward. Even the focus of science these days is micro, not macro. The Human Genome Project is mapping the universe of the genetic code, while neuroscientists are using souped-up M.R.I. machines to chart the flight of neurons in our brains.,Detailed reading,20,Detailed reading9,9 In the

35、same way that the breeze from a butterflys wings in Japan may eventually produce a tidal wave in California, I have decided to expand the contracting boundaries of personal space. In the line at my bank, I now refuse to move closer than three feet to the person in front of me, even if it means that

36、the fellow behind me starts breathing down my neck.,Detailed reading,21,Is “personal space” a term of the seventies? Is it out of date nowadays? Why or why not? (Paragraph 2),Detailed reading2-Quesion,“Personal space” was a term popularly used in the seventies but seldom mentioned nowadays. However,

37、 it doesnt mean that it is out of date. People, whatever periods they are in, need personal space, which is not to be penetrated. The only problem is that the world is becoming so crowded that it is impossible for people to protect their personal space as well as they used to do.,Detailed reading,22

38、,What does the author mean by saying “personal space is mostly a public matter”? (Paragraph 5),Detailed reading5-Quesion,Personal space, first of all, is the space you expect and are expected to keep between you and other people in public places in order to maintain an appropriate interpersonal rela

39、tionship. Edward T. Hall in The,Detailed reading,Hidden Dimension, for example, describes the social values applied by Americans to certain distances between people as falling into four main categories: “Intimate distance (0 1 gratification n.,34,Detailed reading2penetrate,Detailed reading,penetrate

40、: v. succeed in forcing a way through (sth.),e.g.,They penetrated into the territory where no man had ever gone before. The suns radiation penetrates the skin.,35,Detailed reading3wedge,The people sitting close to me wedged me into the corner. Open the door wide and wedge it with a pad of newspaper.

41、,e.g.,Detailed reading,wedge: v. force into a narrow space; fix sth. in position by using a wedge or sth. else,36,Detailed reading3 zigzag,Detailed reading,zigzag:,We zigzagged up the hill. The narrow path zigzags up the cliff.,e.g.,1) v. move forward by going at an angle first to one side, then to

42、the other,2) n. a line or pattern that looks like a series of letter Ws as it bends to the left and then to the right again,The path descended the hill in zigzags.,e.g.,3) a. only before noun,a zigzag line/path/pattern,e.g.,37,Detailed reading3 carve out,Detailed reading,carve out: establish or crea

43、te sth. through painstaking effort,With months of strenuous work, the artist carved out a flower of ivory. Years of failures and setbacks have taught him and carved out a career for him.,e.g.,38,Detailed reading3 press,Detailed reading,press: v. push, move, or make (ones way) strongly, esp. in a cro

44、wd,He pressed his way through the crowd. So many people pressed round the famous actress that she couldnt get to her car.,e.g.,Translation:,人群挤在她身边，争着要她的签名。,Crowds pressed round her, trying to get her autograph.,_,39,Detailed reading4 infuse,Detailed reading,infuse: v. fill or cause to be filled wit

45、h sth.,Her novels are infused with sadness.,e.g.,Collocations:,infuse into/with: fill . with .,e.g.,He infused eagerness into the men. His speech infused the men with eagerness.,40,Detailed reading4 keep to oneself,Detailed reading,keep to oneself: remain private; avoid meeting other people,She does

46、nt go out much; she likes to keep to herself.,e.g.,41,Detailed reading5 Malthusian logic,Detailed reading,Malthusian logic: Thomas Robert Malthus (1766 1834), British economist and clergyman. In Essay on Population (1798) he argued that without the practice of “moral restraint” the population tends

47、to increase at a greater rate than its means of subsistence, unless war, famine, or disease intervenes or efforts are made to limit population.,42,Detailed reading5 wager,Detailed reading,wager: v. (a more formal term for) bet,She wagered 50 on a horse. I had wagered a great deal of money that I wou

48、ld beat him.,e.g.,1) wager (sth.) (on sth.); wager sth./sb. that : bet money on sth.,2) wager (that): used to say that you are so confident that sth. is true or will happen that you would be willing to bet money on it,Ill wager that she knows more about it than shes saying.,e.g.,43,Detailed reading6

49、 plow,Detailed reading,plow: v. force a way or make a track,A truck plowed into the back of the bus. She plowed her way through the waiting crowds.,e.g.,Spelling:,plow (American English) = plough (British English),44,Detailed reading7 lament,lament: v. express regret or disappointment over sth. cons

50、idered unsatisfactory, unreasonable, or unfair,e.g.,In the poem he laments the destruction of the countryside.,Detailed reading,Synonym:,bemoan,e.g.,She shows a lamentable lack of understanding.,Derivations:,lamentable: a. very disappointing, regrettable,lamentation: n. (formal) an expression of gre

51、at sadness or disappointment,45,Detailed reading6-7 stake a claim to,Detailed reading,stake a claim to: make a claim to,stake: v. be assertive in defining and defending a position or policy,e.g.,He staked a claim to the land where hed found the gold.,46,Detailed reading6-7 annex,Detailed reading,ann

52、ex: v. take control and possession of land, a small country, etc., esp. by force; take without permission,Synonym:,occupy,e.g.,Germany annexed Austria in 1938. There are examples of people occupying public squares and annexing the pavement next to their lands.,47,Detailed reading8 be proportional to

53、,Detailed reading,be proportional to: increase or decrease at the same rate as the other thing increases or decreases, so that there is always the same relationship between the two things,Derivation:,proportion: n. the relationship of one thing to another in size, amount, etc.,e.g.,The output should

54、 be proportional to the input. As a rule suicide rates are proportional to the size of the city.,e.g.,The room is very long in proportion to (= relative to) its width.,48,Detailed reading8 self-absorption,Detailed reading,self-absorption: the characteristic of thinking about things concerning onesel

55、f without noticing other people or the things around him,Derivation:,self-absorbed a.,49,Detailed reading1 some tired velvet rope ,some tired velvet rope (Paragraph 1),Explanation:,Here, the word “tired” means “drooping, loosened or slackened”.,Detailed reading,50,Detailed reading1 until we were , u

56、ntil we were all hugger-mugger against each other, the original lazy line having collapsed in on itself like a Slinky. (Paragraph 1),Paraphrase:, until we were all pushing against each other, leaving the line in disorder.,Detailed reading,51,Detailed reading2 The phrase ,The phrase “personal space”

57、has a quaint, seventies ring to it . (Paragraph 2),Paraphrase:,The phrase “personal space” sounds old-fashioned and reminds one of the seventies .,Detailed reading,52,Detailed reading4 . Ive wondered ,. Ive wondered if its the season: T-shirt weather can make proximity more alluring (or much, much l

58、ess). (Paragraph 4),Paraphrase:,. it has passed through my mind that maybe the cause (of the space invasion) is the season: summer may make people want to be closer to those whose physical attraction is revealed by light summer clothing (though it may also make them wish to move further away from th

59、ose smelling unpleasantly of perspiration).,Detailed reading,53,Detailed reading4 Or perhaps ,Or perhaps the proliferation of coffee bars in Manhattan is infusing so much caffeine into the already jangling locals that people can no longer keep to themselves. (Paragraph 4),Paraphrase:,Or perhaps the increasing coffee bars in Manhattan . attract more and more people, who are stimulated