A Brief History of Medicine.pptx

1、A Brief History of Medicine and Herbs in China,中国中草药简史,Early Medicine of the Imperial Era,Paragraph 1 The history of Chinese medicine began in the Eastern (Later) Han Dynasty (25-220 CE), although of course the Chinese people used medicinal substances for millennia before this time. 中国药物的历史起源于东汉时期（公

2、元25-220年),尽管中国人使用药用物质在这之前已经有千年的历史了。,The earliest extant texts were found in archeological sites over the past 30 years, and include the famous Mawangdui medical manuscripts. Most of the classics of Chinese medicine, including the Huang Di Nei Jing (Huangdis Canon of Medicine), Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing

3、 (Shennongs Herbal), Shang Han Lun (Treatise on Cold-Induced Diseases), and Jin Kui Yao Lue (Synopsis of the Golden Chamber) were probably compiled or written by the third century. 现存最早的文献是在过去30年前的考古遗址中被发现的，其中包括最著名的马王堆药物学手稿。大部分的经典中药专著包括黄帝内经、神农本草经、伤寒论和金匮要略可能是在第三世纪编译和书写的。,At that time, many among the

4、educated classes of China believed in their ability to observe and understand the natural world, and that health and disease were subject to the principles of a natural order, even though, by our own standards, they were quite superstitious. It follows that the practice of medicine should be based o

5、n these principles. 在那时，中国很多受过教育的阶级相信他们有观测和理解大自然的能力，健康和疾病受自然规律的准则支配，尽管，按我们的标准看，他们太迷信了。行医应该以这些原则为基础。,Paragraph 2 Huangdis Canon of Medicine is the theoretical statement of this cosmology in medicine. The universe is composed of various forces：the complementary opposites of yin and yang and the five p

6、hases. The human microcosm represents these forces in miniature. 黄帝内经是药物中宇宙学的理论说明。宇宙是由各种各样的力量组成的：阴阳五行的相辅相成。人类的缩影代表着这些力量的缩影。,There are rules and relationships in nature that have universal validity. The practice of medicine is the application of these rules to the treatment of disease and the promoti

7、on of health. 自然界的规则和关系是有普遍规律性的。行医就是这些规律在治疗疾病和提高健康中的应用。,However, from the perspective of materia medica and herbal medicine, while the Canon of Medicine provides much of the philosophical background for medicine as well as some important information about the use of tastes and properties, it does no

8、t include much information about the use of herbs. In fact, only 12 herbal prescriptions are mentioned there, containing a total of 28 substances. 然而，从本草的方面来看，尽管黄帝内经提供了很多关于药物的哲学背景和一些关于性味的重要信息，但没有包括太多草药使用的信息。事实上，里面只有12个处方，包含28种药。,Paragraph 3 The historical tradition of Chinese herbal knowledge also s

9、tarts in the Eastern Han with the publication of the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (Shennongs Herbal), also known as the Classics of the Materia Medica. Zhang Zhongjing wrote Shang Han Lun (Treatise on Cold-Induced Diseases) and Jin Kui Yao Lue (Synopsis of the Golden Chamber) just after the fall of the Ha

10、n. 随着神农本草经的出版历史上传统中药知识起源于东汉，神农本草经也称为the Classics of the Materia Medica。 在东汉末年Zhang Zhongjing 写了Shang Han Lun 和Jin Kui Yao Lue,His work is the source of all prescription manuals. Shennongs Herbal or the Classic of the Materia Medica is the first book to focus on description of individual herbs. It is

11、 therefore the source and archetype of Chinas tradition of materia medica. 他的成果来源于所有的处方手册。神农本草经是第一本专注于描述药物个性著作，因此它是中草药的来源和原型。,Paragraph 4 The phrase ben cao, which we have translated as materia medica, did not appear until the Eastern Han, where it referred to both the materia medica and the knowled

12、ge required to obtain them. The materia medica specialists are mentioned as part of a larger group of “masters of methods” (fang shi), which included adepts in various occult arts. 直到东汉时期本草一词才被翻译成materia medica，他涉及到了本草和获得他们的知识。,Legend attributes the authorship of Shennongs Herbal to the mythical She

13、n Nong. In addition to introducing agriculture and animal husbandry, he is said to have tasted “the hundred herbs” and thereby became the legendary patron of herbal medicine. 传说将神农本草经的作者归属于神秘的神农。除了引进农牧业外，据说他还尝过“百种药草”，成为中草药的传奇代言人。,Besides materia medica experts, this group included astrologers, geoma

14、ncers, magicians, and technologists. It is also likely that these materia medica specialists were involved in the search for longevity through alchemy, an effort which had an important influence on Chinese herbal medicine. 除了草药专家，这个团队还包括占星家、风水学家、魔术师和技术人员。这些草药专家好像也通过炼丹术来寻找长寿，这一努力对于中国中医药有重要的影响。,Howeve

15、r, this text was compiled no earlier than the first century CE by unknown authors, and was later reconstructed in the sixth century from several editions describing different numbers of herbs by the famous Daoist, Tao Hongjing. 然而，这部著作是由不早于第一世纪不知名的作者编写的，后来在第六世纪由著名的道教学家陶弘景描述不同数量草药的几个版本（著作）中所重建。,Parag

16、raph 6 Shennongs Herbal contains 364 entries, matching the number of days in a year. There are botanical (252 entries), mineral (45 entries), and zoological (67 entries) substances. The term medicinal property (yao xing) first appears in the preface of this book, but reference is made only to the ap

17、propriate methods of preparation from each substance. 神农的草药包含364个条目，与一年内的天数相匹配。有植物（252条目），矿物（45条目），和动物（67条目）。药用财产一词最早出现在本书前言中，但参考仅限于从每一种物质的准备中所得的合适方法。,Tao Hongjing further divided the substances into three basic categories: upper, middle, and lower. The upper grade nourishes life, the middle grade n

18、ourishes constitutional types, and the lower grade expels disease. Each entry is evaluated for taste (wei) and temperature characteristics (qi). Toxicity was carefully noted. Finally, the medicinal actions of each herb are described, usually in terms of symptoms. 陶弘景进一步将物质分为三个基本类型：上品、中品、下品。上品养生，中品滋养

19、体质类型，下品驱逐疾病。每个条目都以气味的特征来评价。毒性物质被谨慎的记载。最后，每个草药的药理作用都被描述，通常是在症状方面。,Paragraph 7 The taste and temperature characteristics seem to have been derived empirically. Taste describes the perception of the herb in the mouth, while temperature characteristics describe the sensation of the herb in the stomach o

20、r on the skin. These characteristics were perhaps further clarified by observation of the herbs effects on the body. 气和味特性似乎已由经验派生。味觉描述了口腔中草药的感受，而温度特征描述的是药草在胃部或皮肤上的感觉。通过观察药草对身体的影响，这些特征也许进一步得到了分类。,Paragraph 8 From these origins the literature developed in two ways. First, there was a continuous accre

21、tion of new herbs, together with a reevaluation and addition of new uses for the old herbs. Second, there was an elaboration of connection or linkage between the theories of traditional Chinese medicine and the empirically observed therapeutic and clinical actions of the herbs. 从这个起源的文学发展有两种方式。首先，有一

22、个不断增加的新草药，再加上重新评估的草药和旧草药的新添加的物质。其次，阐述了中医理论与中医药治疗经验和临床作用之间的联系或联系。,Development of the Materia Medica,Paragraph 9 The number of traditional Chinese materia medica has steadily increased during the past two thousand years, as substances were incorporated into the official tradition from both Chinas folk

23、 medicine and other parts of the world. Many substances now used in traditional Chinese medicine originated in places such as Southeast Asia, India, the Middle East and the Americas. 中药的数量已经在过去的二千年中稳步上升，随着传统中国民间药学和世界其他地区的药物被纳入官方的。现在中药中使用的许多物质来源于东南亚、印度、中东和美洲等地。,Paragraph 10 The first major materia me

24、dica text to be published after Tao Hongjings was the Tang Ben Cao (The Tang-Dynasty Materia Medica), issued under the auspices of the Tang government in 659. It contained 844 entries and was Chinas first illustrated materia medica. Zheng Lei Ben Cao (Classified Materia Medica) was the major materia

25、 medica of the Song Dynasty (in 1108) and contained 1558 substances. 第一个主要的本草著作在陶弘景之后发表是唐本草（唐代本草），是在659年唐政府的主持下发布的，它包含844个条目，是中国的第一部本草的详细说明。正类本草是宋代主要文献（1108），载有1558种物质 。,The ongoing expansion on the materia medica is evident in the Ben Cao Gang Mu (Compendium of Materia Medica), written by Chinas mo

26、st celebrated herbalist, Li Shizhen. This book, first printed in 1596, included 1892 medicinal substances, 1173 from plants, 444 from animals, and 275 from minerals. It is the best known example of Chinese materia medica literature and portions of this classic have been translated into over 60 langu

27、ages. 对中药的不断扩展在本草纲目是显而易见的（本草纲目），它是由中国最著名的药学家李时珍写的。这本书第一次在1596年印刷，包括1892种药用物质，从、植物1173，动物444，矿物275。这是中国中医药文献中最有名的例子，这部名著的一部分已经被译成了60多种语言。,Paragraph 11 Although there are literally thousands of substances used in the Chinese materia medica, the vast majority are of local interest only. By contrast, th

28、e official 1995 edition of the Chinese pharmacopeia lists just 535 substances, and the 2000 edition, 544. All of these herbs are in relatively common use, and are included in most of the major contemporary textbooks on materia medica in China. 尽管中药中有成千上万种物质，但绝大多数都是当地人所使用的。相比之下，官方1995版的中国药典列出了535种物质和2000版列出了544种。所有这些草药是比较常用的，并被列入当代中国中药学的主要教材。,The tradition continued into the modern era with publication in 1977 of the Jiangsu College of Zhong Yao Da Ci Dian (Encyclopedia