英语基本语法2.ppt

1、英 语 的 基 本 句 型 结 构,五大基本句型,1. S+V+P 主语+系动词+表语 2. S+V 主语+谓语（+状语） 3. S+V+O 主语+谓语+宾语 4. S+V+IO+DO 主语+谓语+间宾+直宾 5. S+V+O+OC 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补,句 子 基 本 成 分,五 定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。 定语位于被修饰的成分前，称为前置定语，位于所修饰词之后称为后置定语。不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。单词用作定语时须放在名词之后。 （1）形容词作定语： The little boy needs a blue pe

2、n.小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。 （2）数词作定语相当于形容词： Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔。 （3）形容词性物主代词或名词所有格作定语： His boy needs Toms pen. 他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。,（4）介词短语作定语： The boy in the classroom needs a pen .教室里的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The boy in blue is Tom.穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。 （5）名词作定语： The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圆珠笔。 (6)副词作定语： The boy there nee

3、ds a pen.那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。 (7)不定式作定语： The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。 （8）分词（短语）作定语： The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。,(9)定语从句： The boy who is reading needs a pen.那个在阅读的男孩需要一支钢笔。 定语的位置: 位置一般比较固定 1.单词作定语多放在其所修饰词之前。(前置定语) 2.短语或从句作定语一般放在其所修饰的词之后。(后置定

4、语) 下列情况需要注意 1.副词作定语常后置。 People here like skating. 2.只可作表语的形容词作定语时一般后置。 Im the most happy man alive.,3.不定代词的定语一律后置。 I would like to have something interesting to read. 不定代词，something，anything，nothing，everything，someone，anyone 4.不定式作定语要后置。 Its time for us to go. 5.各种短语作定语一般都后置，但也可用连字符连接变为复合形容词而前置。 My

5、neighbour next door is very kind.,练习：选出下面句中的定语 1.what is your given name? 2.Do you know the boy behind the tree. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. I have a lot to eat and dirnk. 5.Tom is one of the engineers who are sent abroad. 作业写出五个句子并标示出定语,1.what is your given name? 2.Do you know the

6、 boy behind the tree. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. I have a lot to eat and dirnk. 5.Tom is one of the engineers who are sent abroad.,翻译 下面的句子 1这个房间里的孩子都是我的学生 2. 你有什么重要的事情告诉我吗？ 3.黑色的自行车是我的。 4.站在那的高个子男孩叫皮特。 5.他们有房子住,1 The chidren in this room are all my students. 2.Do you have anythin

7、g important to tell me? 3.The blanck bike is mine. 4.The tall boy who is standing there is peter. 5.They have a house to live in.,六 状语： 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，可以放在句首，句中，句尾。 （一）副词（短语）作状语： The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语） （二）介词短语作状语： In the classroom

8、,the boy needs a pen.在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语） （三）分词（短语）作状语： He sits there,asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）,(四)不定式作状语： The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语） （五）名词作状语： Come this way!走这条路！（方向状语） （六）状语从句： 时间状语从句，地点状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，目的状语从句，比较状语从句，让步状语从句，条件状语从句。 After taking my name a

9、nd address, he asked me some questions. （时间） No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.（让步）,练习：选出下面句子的状语 1.There was a big simle on her face. 2. He began to learn English when he was eleven. 3.With the medicine box under her arm,miss Li hurried off. 4.Every night he heard the noise.

10、 5. You never know till you have tried. (不尝试，不知道） 作业写出5个句子并标示出状语,七、宾语补足语：有些句子中只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后加上宾语补足语。位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。名词，动词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，分词都可以做宾语补足语。 （一）名词/代词宾格 + 名词 The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士. （二）名词/代词宾格 + 形容词 New methods make the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得

11、轻松. （三）名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语 I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作.,（四）名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式 The teacher ask the students to close the windows. 老师让学生们关上窗户. （五）名词/代词宾格 + 分词 I saw a cat running across the road. 我看见一只猫跑过了马路. Yesterday he had one of his leg broken. 昨天他的一条腿摔段了。,练习 选出下面句子的宾语补足语 1.He asked her to take the

12、 boy out of school. 2. They call me Lily sometimes. 3.She found it difficult to do the work. 4.I saw Mr.wang get on the bus. 5.They pushed the door open. 作业写出5个句子并标示出宾语补足语,八、同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并对名词代词的补充说明和解释。 We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生) We all are students. (all是we的同位语，都指同

13、样的我们) Mr.zhang ,our new history teacher,is a middle-aged man.,五大基本句型,1. S+V+P 主语+系动词+表语 2. S+V 主语+谓语（+状语） 3. S+V+O 主语+谓语+宾语 4. S+V+IO+DO 主语+谓语+间宾+直宾 5. S+V+O+OC 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补,4. S (主)+ Vt（谓)+ In O（间接宾）+ D O(直接宾）S(主）+Vt（谓）+DO（直接宾）+to/for+InO（间接宾）,I give you help. I sent him a book. He bought a coat for

14、 me. He sent a book to me. I bought May a present. Give a thief enough rope and hell hang himself. （多行不义必自毙） She told us an interesting story. Who gave Jim an apple?,通常间接宾语放在直接宾语之前，有时亦可放在直接宾语之后，这时间接宾语前一般要加介词to或for。 常用于带双宾语的动词有：answer, bring, buy, give, keep, lend, make, pay, sell, send, show, take,

15、tell, teach,write，hand ,pass,等 间接宾语位于直接宾语后加for的及物动词 buy，book，cook，choose，design，find，fetch, keep, order,prepare, spare, My parents bought me a computer. =My parents bought a computer for me. She sang us a folk song. =She sang a folk song for us.,间接宾语位于直接宾语后加to的及物动词 announce, explain, express, introd

16、uce, suggest, describe, report, complain,mention,give You explain me the question. =You explain the question to me. The teacher introduced us the famous expert. =The teacher introduced the famous expert to us. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+疑问词+动词不定式 The teacher told them what to do next. She asked me how to solve the

17、problem.,练习：写出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 1.please tell us a story. 2.My father bought a new bike for mr last week. 3.Mr.Li is going to teach us history next term. 4.Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. 5.Did he leave any message for me. 翻译下面句子 1.奶奶昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事。 2.约翰先生去年教我们德语。 3.我父亲已经给我买了一辆新的自行车。 4.请你给我一本新书，好吗？,1.Grand

18、ma told me an interesting story last night. 2.Mr john taught us German last year. 3.My father has bought a new bike for me. 4.Will you give a new book,please?,5. S (主）+ Vt（谓）+ O（宾） + O C（宾补）,I make you clear. We named our baby Tom. He painted the wall white. I wish you to stay. I heard my name calle

19、d Did you see him go out ? He didnt wish it mentioned. We cant leave him alone. I found him in a hurry.,1.形容词（短语）作宾补 They didnt believe the story possible. He found his new job very boring. I felt it necessary to make everything clear. 2.名词（短语）作宾补 I consider him a good teacher. They called their dau

20、ghter Mary. She made it a rule to keep a diary. 3.介词短语作宾补 We found the class in good order. He found the newspaper out of date. Dont put your dirty clothes in the box.,4.副词（短语）作宾补 I want to ask Tom in. Dont leave me behind. 5.不定式作宾补 What do you advise me to do? our parents often tell us to make friends carefully. 有时使役动词和感官动词会省to Please let the bird go. I often hear him read Engl