Unit 11 Amrican sports.ppt

1、Unit 11 Sports in the U.S.A.,Contents, The Big Three Team Sprots 1.1 Baseball 1.2 American football 1.3 Basketball Other Popular Sports, The Big Three Team Sprots,Team sprots appeal to Americans love of socializing and competing. The most popular team sports in the U.S.A. baseball, football, and bas

2、ketball are both spectator sports and participatory sports. Boys and girls begin playing softball ( a game similar to baseball but with a bigger, softer ball ) when they are about 9 or 10 years old. In high school and college, football and baseball are played primarily by boys and men, and basketbal

3、l is played by both sexes.,For many people in the U.S., sports are not just for fun. Theyre almost a religion. Thousands of sports fans buy expensive tickets to watch their favorite teams and athletes play in person. Other fans watch the games at home, glued to their TV sets. The most devoted sports

4、 buffs (爱好者) never miss a game. Many a wife becomes a sports widow during her husbands favorite season. Americas devotion to athletics has created a new class of wealthy people: professional athletes. Sports stars often receive million-dollar salaries. Some even make big money appearing in advertise

5、ments for soft drinks, shoes and even toiletries tilitri (化妆品).,Not all Americans worship sports, but athletics are an important part of their culture. Throughout their school life, Americans learn to play many sports. All students take physical education classes in school. Some try out for the scho

6、ol teams, while others join intramural ,intrmjurl(校内的) sports leagues. Athletic events at universities attract scores of fans and benefit the whole community. Many people also enjoy non-competitive activities like hiking(徒步旅行), biking, horseback riding, camping or hunting. To communicate with Americ

7、an sports nuts (运动迷), it helps if you can talk sports.,Sports in America represent the international heritage of the people who play. Many sports were imported from other countries. European immigrants brought tennis, golf, bowling and boxing to America. Football and baseball came from other Old Wor

8、ld games. Only basketball has a truly American origin. Even today some formerly foreign sports like soccer are gaining American fans. In 1994 the U.S. hosted the World Cup for the first time ever.,1.1 Baseball,Baseball is often called the national pastime. People from other countries sometimes wonde

9、r why Americans enjoy this sports so much. “Its dull,” they say. “Most of the time, the players are just standing still, waiting for someone to hit the ball.” And thats true. But hitting that ball is quite a challenge. A pitch (投球) thrown by a professional pitcher usually travels more than 90 miles

10、(145 kilometers) an hour. Hitting a ball thrown that fast is a difficult challenge for any athlete, so when a batter (击球员) hits the ball out of the ball park (a home run), the fans scream and cheer.,The professional baseball season ends with the World Series, seven games played between the nations t

11、op two teams. As with championship football, fans sometimes pay hundreds of dollars for a ticket to a World Series game. But those that watch the games at home on TV probably see them better.,中国人是教育狂(education-crazy)，美国人是运动狂(sports-crazy)。美国每天都有全国性运动比赛(national tournament)，春天篮球、夏天棒球，秋季橄榄球。人们可以亲自到运动场

12、(the sports areas)和体育馆(gymnasium)观看比赛或通过电视、收音机、报纸了解比赛。很多美国人是运动迷(sports nuts)。每逢橄榄球季(football season)、棒球季(baseball season)，全美各地就产生不少football widows(橄榄球寡妇)和baseball widows(棒球寡妇)。 美国人对棒球最着迷。夏天是棒球赛季，美国有American League(美国杯联赛)和National League(全国杯联赛)这两个主要的大型棒球联赛(major league)。每个球队除以地方命名外，还有一个绰号(nickname)，例

13、如波士顿(Boston)队的绰号是Red Sox(红袜子)，芝加哥(Chicago)队的绰号是White Sox(白袜子).,Baseball is a bat-and ball sport played between two teams of nine players each. The main goal is to score batters by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a square. Batters are al

14、so referred to runners (跑垒员) .,In baseball, a run is scored when a player advances around first, second and third base and returns safely to home plate, touching the bases in that order, before three outs are recorded. The pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitchers mound (土墩) to

15、ward the catcher to begin each play, with the goal of retiring a batter who attempts to either make contact with it or draw a walk.,MLB The famous league is professional Major League Baseball Teams. In North America, professional Major League Baseball (MLB) teams are divided into the National League

16、 (NL) and American League (AL). Each league has three divisons as NBA: East, West and Central. Every year, the major league champion by playoffs (加时赛,最后决赛)that culminate (告终)in the World Series (is determined世界职业棒球大赛) Four teams make the playoffs for meach league: the three regular season divison wi

17、nners, plus one wild card team (外卡队).,美国职业棒球大联盟（Major League Baseball,MLB）现有球队30支，分为国家联盟和美国联盟，其中国家联盟(NationalLeague, NL)有16支球队，美国联盟( American League,AL)14支，而2个联盟下又各分为东部赛区，中部赛区和西部赛区3个赛区。职棒大联盟的全部30支球队中，有1支来自邻国加拿大（多伦多蓝鸟队），其余29支悉数为本土球队。,It attract billions of people to watch. For its important inference

18、, every president of the US will have a short speech before all-star game start.,MLB All-Star Game,Baseball all-star game is one of the most famous traditional event in the US or in the world.,美国职业棒球大联盟,美国职业棒球大联盟美国职棒大联盟（MajorLeagueBaseball，简称MLB），是北美地区最高水平的职棒棒球联赛。1903年由国家联盟和美国联盟共同成立。是美国四大职业体育联盟之一。美国

19、联盟使用指定打击的规则，国家联盟则没有使用。 棒球是美国发展最早的职业运动，第一个职业联盟（国家协会，National Association，1871年1875年）成立于1871年，但由于草创时期问题丛生，五年后由现今的国家联盟接手。国家联盟将经营球队的权力全部收回资方所有，因此球员的权利没有任何保障，国联的垄断市场造成不断有挑战国联的联盟诞生，这些新联盟吸收了被国联开除的球员和教练，引进更多新的创意以吸引球迷。 目前大联盟的另一支柱美国联盟则成立于1901年，当时由于国家联盟经营不善，由十二队缩编为八队，二年后，美国联盟的观众总人数竟然开始高过国联。由于美联不断以高薪吸引国联球星跳槽，国联

20、为了避免二败俱伤，答应与美国联盟和谈，1902年底，二联盟召开“辛辛那提会议”统一了赛制、规则和管理，也开始举行所谓的“世界大赛”，由二联盟的冠军对抗争取总冠军。,例行赛 每支球队在球季中要打162场比赛，与同一对手的交手次数则不一定，通常来说，以所属分区的其他球队会最多次。从1997年开始有了跨联盟比赛，一个球队和另一联盟的对手要打12至18场（含在162场中），比赛不采和局制，以胜率决定分区的排名，各区胜率最高者为该区冠军。 世仇： 波士顿红袜对纽约洋基 洛杉矶道奇对旧金山巨人 芝加哥小熊对圣路易红雀,明星赛 每年7月举行国联和美联明星赛，由各城市轮办。 分区冠军附加赛 若二队并列分区第一

21、，该二队加赛一场决定冠军（主场由联盟总裁掷硬币决定），但若同一联盟其他分区之第二名战绩均不如此二队（意即加赛落败者为外卡队），则取消加赛，由对战成绩决定分区冠军。 若有三队以上并列分区第一，则安排单败淘汰赛。,外卡队 外卡是各球团除了分区冠军之外参加季后赛的另一途径，由例行赛成绩最佳的分区第二名获得。 若有多队胜率相同且无分区领先者，则以与分区冠军附加赛相同的方式决定外卡。 若有多队胜率相同但部份球队并列分区第一，则先引用分区冠军附加赛规则决定分区冠军，未取得分区冠军的球队再以单败淘汰赛决定外卡。 季后赛 季后赛每年十月例行赛结束后举行，由二联盟各区（东、西、中三区）冠军及其联盟中各区第二名中

22、之最佳胜率者（外卡）参加，共计八队。季后赛采淘汰制，三轮的名称分别为：分区系列赛（Divisionseries）、联盟冠军赛（LeagueChampionseries）和世界大赛（Worldseries）。第一轮五战三胜，之后则为七战四胜制。,世界大赛冠军最多次：纽约扬基，26次 参加世界大赛最多次：纽约扬基，39次,1.2 American football,The game that Americans call football is not what Europeans call football. To Ameircans, that game is soccer. Soccer,

23、the worlds most popular sport, the national sport of most European and Latin American countries, has not been a great success in the U.S. as a professional sport. However, it is one of the fastest-growing team sports in U.S. elementary and high schools and is also a popular college sport. American f

24、ootball is closely related to Canadian football but with some differences in rules and the field. Both sports can be traced to early versions of association football and rugby football.,Football has its beginning in soccer and rugby. All have the same objective, which is to get the ball to the oppon

25、ents goal and score points. Soccer was played in England in the 11th century. The ball was advanced only by kicking it. In 1839, rugby was born when a frustrated English soccer player picked up the ball and ran down the field with it. Soccer was played by American college students in the 1800s, but

26、the game was called “football.” Then, in 1874, a new form of the football game developed that combined both soccer and rugby. Players not only kicked the ball but advanced it by running with it and passing it to teammates.,American football is a sport played between two teams of eleven with the obje

27、ctive of scoring points by advancing the ball into the opposing teams end zone (端区). It is known in the United States simply as football, and it may be referred to as gridiron grd,an (美式橄榄球球场) informally or outside the United States and Canada. The ball can be advanced by running with it or throwing

28、 it to a teammate. Points can be scored by carrying the ball over the opponents goal line, catching a pass thrown over that goal line, kicking the ball through the opponents goal posts or tackling an opposing ball carrier in his own end zone.,American football developed into a rough contact sport. B

29、ecause protective equipment was not used in those days, it was quite dangerous. In 1905, 18 players were killed and 159 seriously injured. President Roosevelt threatened to ban football if the roughness did not stop. The rules committee began changing the rules and eventually football developed into

30、 the game as it is today.,The basic idea of football is very simple. The team that has the ball runs with it or throws or kicks it toward the other teams goal. Each time the team reaches the others goal, it scores a certain number of points. The other team tries to stop them. They want to get the ba

31、ll so that they can score. The team that scores the most points wins the game.,The teams play for one hour, divided into four quarters. There is always a halftime break of at least 15 minutes. The teams are allowed timeouts (暂时休息) , which are times when the clock is stopped and the team can get toge

32、ther to talk about strategy. The clock is also stopped when players are injured and when there are penalities given out for playing against the rules. Sometimes new players are substituted for those who have already played. There are also breaks for television commercials. With all this going on, th

33、e one-hour game can easily take up to two and a half or three hours!,Football is not just a game in America. It is an event. A big event. Millions of people attend football games or watch them on television. Thousands of others play football themselves, on professional, school, or neighborhood teams

34、, or just with friends. The games are often only a part of the colorful spectacles (壮观的场面或景象) that go with them. Parades and marching bands, cheerleaders (啦啦队队长) , and cheering fans with banners (横幅;旗,旗帜) and horns are all a part of the festivity surrounding football.,In the United States, the major

35、 forms are high school football, college football and professional football, which are played under slightly different rules. High school football is governed by the National Federation of State High School Associations, while college football by the National Collegiate Athletic Association and Nati

36、onal Association of Intercollegiate,ntkli:dt (大学之间的;校际的) Athletics. The major league for professional football is the National Football League (NFL). Other minor professional leagues also exist in the U.S., and may also have slightly different rules from those of the NFL,As a spectator sport (吸引许多观众

37、的体育比赛) , football is extremely popular, especially among men. Women sometimes call themselves “ football widows” , because during the football season, their boyfriends or husbands are either at the stadium or glued to the TV set. Both college football (played on Saturday afternoons) and professional

38、 football (played on Sunday afternoons and Monday nights) attract huge audiences. At the end of the college football season, the best teams compete in Bowl games. The days festivities are colorful and exciting, involving parades with floats and marching bands. Bowl games attract huge crowds and big

39、TV audience.,The professional football season ends with the Super Bowls, the game between the countrys top two teams. More than 130 million people worldwide watch it on TV. It is the most watched TV show in the world. Because of this huge audience, advertisers pay about $2 million for a 30-second ad

40、vertisement.,美国国家橄榄球联盟（National Football League，简称NFL）是世界最大的职业美式橄榄球联盟，也是世界最具商业价值的体育联盟。目前联盟共有32支球队，因为他们都是私人投资、按照公司模式运作，所以也被称为特权会员队 （Franchise）。NFL是美国最著名的职业橄榄球联盟，所以也拥有最多球迷。其他联盟也试图和NFL竞争，但都没能像NFL那样获得这么大的支持，拥有这么多的球迷。 NFL把每支球队按所属联合会和分赛区分组。竞逐NFL的32支球队被划分成两大联合会：美国橄榄球联合会（American Football Conference ,简称AFC）

41、和国家橄榄球联合会（National Football Conference ，简称NFC）。每个联合会有16支队伍，又分成4个分赛区：东部、南部、西部和北部。每个分赛区有4支队伍。,常规赛赛程 NFL常规赛共有十七周，每周一轮，每只球队要进行16场比赛，因此每只球队都会有一周需要轮空。常规赛从每年的9月中旬开始，到12月底或次年一月初结束。每个赛季常规赛。NFL常规赛对阵采取一个循环的方程式，也就是每年改变. NFL的决赛日，也就是超级碗冠军赛(Super Bowl)是全美国最大的盛会，甚至被称为非正式的国庆日。,超级碗（Super Bowl）是国家美式足球联盟的年度冠军赛，胜者被称为“世界

42、冠军”。超级碗一般在每年1月最后一个或2月第一个星期天举行，那一天称为超级碗星期天（Super Bowl Sunday）。超级碗是比赛的名称，其奖杯名称为文斯伦巴第杯（Vince Lombardi Trophy）。参与球队为该球季的美国美式足球联合会冠军以及国家美式足球联合会冠军。超级碗多年来都是全美收视率最高的电视节目，并逐渐成为一个非官方的全国性节日。另外，超级碗星期天是美国单日食品消耗量第二高的日子，仅次于感恩节。,文斯伦巴第杯,看过电影荒岛余生(Cast Away)的人都会记得这样一个镜头：因飞机失事而流落荒岛十几年的汤姆汉克斯，历经艰辛终于回到文明社会，他和分别多年的爱人见面时说的第

43、一句话却是“在我失踪的那一年，究竟谁赢得了超级碗？” 作为职业美式橄榄球联盟(NFL)的总决赛，超级碗(Super Bowl)不仅被汉克斯所牵挂，它也是整个美国社会关注的焦点。超级碗比赛日(又称超级星期天)和圣诞节、感恩节并称三大节日。在这个由移民及其后代组成的、仅有200多年历史的国家里，超级碗几乎成了人们共同的宗教。每年的超级碗比赛日，至少有三分之一的美国人坐在电视机前观看。美国电视史上收视率最高的20个节目里，就有10个是历年的超级碗直播。 据统计，2004年有超过150万台电视机因为超级碗的缘故而售出。超级碗期间的电视广告价格高达每30秒钟240万美元。超级碗的授权产品销售额超过1亿美

44、元。而比赛的主办城市能获得约3亿美元的经济效益！,比赛时间 比赛分为四节，每节15分钟。第一和第二节称为上半场。第三和第四节称为下半场。上下半场之间有12分钟的中场休息时间。下半场开始时，将和比赛开始时一样重新开球。 上半场的第一节结束时和下半场的第三节结束时各有两分钟休息时间，双方队员交换场地，原来拥有球权的一方将在交换场地后继续进攻。进攻方在每次进攻结束后，必须在40秒时间内重新开始下次进攻，否则将受罚。比赛时钟在以下几种情况下暂停：传球失败，球员持球出界，裁判处罚。当裁判重新将球放到启球处让双方开始进攻时，比赛时钟开始继续记时。如果双方在四节比赛结束时打平，将进行15分钟的加时赛，并按突

45、然死亡法决定胜负，也就是先得分的一方获胜。加时赛开始时，双方掷硬币猜先，猜对一方先进攻。,基本装备 美式橄榄球是一项过程极为激烈的比赛，阻挡、拦截与冲撞都是比赛不可或缺的一部分，这也可以说是美式橄榄球的一大特色。为了保护球员的安全，避免因为球员受伤而耽误球赛， NFL与NCAA都要求所有球员必须“穿戴合适且合法的护具”，才能够上场打球。 1.头盔 (helmet) 2.肩胸垫 (shoulder pads) 5.腰胯垫 (hip pads) 3.护肘 (elbow pads) 4.手套(gloves),6.腿垫 (thigh pads) 7.护膝 (knee pads) 8.鞋子(cleats

46、) 9.制服(uniform),10.球(football) 美式橄榄球用球较英式橄榄球略小些，球长11至11.5英寸，椭圆的长轴为28至28.5英寸，短轴为21.25至21.5英寸，重14至15英两。 除此之外，踢球员在开球时还需要一个开球架，多为塑料制成的小三脚架。而裁判们则必须每人携带一条黄颜色的手帕，做为“犯规标记”(penalty marker或flag)，在有犯规情形时要往犯规发生的地方抛出。,球员位置 1.进攻组 四分卫（Quarterback，QB） 跑卫（Running back,RB） 外接手（Wide Receiver，WR） 近端锋（Tight End，TE） 进攻内锋

47、（Offensive Lineman） 2.防守组 防守前锋（Defensive Lineman） 后卫（Defensive Back,DB） 角卫（Cornerback，CB） 中卫（Safety） 3.特勤组 踢球手（Kicker，K） 扶球手（Holder） 弃踢手（Punter，P） 回攻手（Returner，R）,1.3 Basketball,Basketball,While baseball and football are played outdoors (or in huge enclosed stadiums), baskeball is the worlds most po

48、pular indoor sport. Variations of the game are alos played informally outdoors. Nearly every park in the U.S. has a basketball net and hard-surface playing area, and many American homes have a basketball net outdoors. In the U.S., there are 29 professional mens teams. In addition, womens professiona

49、l basketball has been growing popularity. Basketball is also played competitively by high school and college students.,Professional basketball players make almost impossible shots look easy and graceful. Michael Jordan, the former Chicago Bulls player, became famous worldwide because of his achievem

50、ents on the basketball court. Jordans 13-year career earnings ( his salary for playing plus earnings for endorsing products in ads) exceeded $300 milion! Is it any wonder that almost every tall American boy hopes to grow much taller and eventually play professional basketball?,The Origin Of Basketba

51、ll,Basketball was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a physical education instructor at the YMCA Training School in Springfield (斯普林菲尔德) , Massachusetts, USA. He devised the game when looking for ways to keep his football players in shape during the off season months. By the following year in 1

52、892, he put the rules of the game together, which had 13 rules. The first game of basketball was played in 1893, when he split his team of 18 players into two sides of nine players each. From such humble beginnings has come the game which is played today by more than 300 million people globally!,Pla

53、ying Regulations,Games are played in four quarters of 10 (international) or 12 minutes (NBA). College games use two 20 minute halves while most high school games use eight minute quarters. Fifteen minutes are allowed for a half-time break, and two minutes are allowed at the other breaks.ovetime peri

54、ods are five minutes long. Teams exchange baskets for the second half. The time allowed is actual playing time; the clock is stopped while the play is not active. Therefore, games generally take much longer to complete than the allotted (分配) game time, typically about two hours.,Five players from ea

55、ch team (out of a twelve player roster) may be on the court at one time. Substitutions are unlimited but can only be done when play is stopped. Teams also have a coach, who oversees the development and strategies of the team, and other team personnel such as assistant coaches, managers, statistician

56、s, doctors and trainers.,For both mens and womens teams, a standard uniform consists of a pair of shorts and ajersey (球衣) with a clearly visible number, unique within the team, printed on both the front and back. Players wearhigh topsneakers that provide extra ankle support. Typically, team names, p

57、layers names and, outside of North America, sponsors are printed on the uniforms. A limited number of time-outs, clock stoppages (中止) requested by a coach for a short meeting with the players, are allowed. They generally last no longer than one minute unless, for televised games, a commercial break

58、is needed.,NBA,The National Basketball Association (NBA) is North Americas professional mens basketball league, composed of thirty teams: twenty-nine in the United States and one in Canada. It is an active member of USA Basketball (USAB), which is recognized by the International Basketball Federatio

59、n as the National Governing Body (NGB) for basketball in the United States. The NBA is one of the four major North American professional sports leagues, which include Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL).,In 1946, the Basketball Association of America (BAA) was formed, organizing the top professional teams and leading to greater popularity of the professional game. The first game was played in Toronto, Ontario, Canada betwe