Unit 2 Grammar

1、Unit 2 Grammar,高三人教新课标版选修十,状语和状语从句,一、状语 状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分；通常用副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、独立主格结构或从句等充当，表示时间、地点、程度、方式、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、伴随等意义。,1状语的位置 一般说来状语在句中的位置比较灵活，它可以处于句首、句中或句末。修饰形容词的状语，通常放在所修饰的词之前。修饰动词的状语，一般放在所修饰的动词之后。但有些副词，如always，often，usually，never，ever等作状语时，常置于句中，放在实义动词之前，be动词或第一个助动词之后。,2状语的分类 (1)时间状语一

2、般位于句末，也可放于句首。 (2)地点状语一般位于句末，也可放于句首。,【注意:】 有时间副词和地点副词在一个句子中，地点副词在前，时间副词在后。 We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 oclock yesterday. 昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了。,(3)方式状语既可位于句中，也可位于句末或句首。 (4)程度状语是单个副词时，一般位于被修饰的词之前。 I nearly forgot what he had promised. 我几乎忘记了他答应的事。 This afternoon I was lucky enough to meet one of

3、 my old friends. 今天下午我有幸遇到了一位老朋友。 注意:enough为副词作状语时，位于所修饰的形容词或副词之后；为形容词作定语时，位于所修饰的名词之前或之后都可以。,(5)原因状语一般位于句末，有时也可放于句首。 With annual rainfall close to zero，Antarctica is technically a desert. 由于年降水量接近于零，在学术上来说，南极洲是沙漠地区。 She seemed surprised to see us. 她看见我们，似乎有点惊讶。,(6)条件状语常位于句末或句首。 _(play) all day，you w

4、ill waste your valuable time. 如果你整天玩，就会浪费你宝贵的时间。 (7)目的状语常位于句末，强调时可放在句首。 _(go) to college，US teens save their pocket money. 美国中学生攒钱只为上大学。,fifth,fifth,fifth,fifth,fifth,fifth,fifth,Playing,To go,(8)结果状语常位于句末。 Li Ming studied so hard that he caught up with the others very quickly. 李明学习如此努力,结果很快赶上了其他人。

5、A high mountain range runs from east to west，_(cut) the continent into two. 一个高大的山脉横贯东西,将大陆一分为二。 He woke up _(find) everybody gone. 他醒了过来，结果发现大家都走了。 注意：现在分词短语作结果状语多表示顺其自然的结果；动词不定式作结果状语,表出乎预料的结果,常被only或just所修饰。,cutting,to find,(9)让步状语常位于句首或句末。 Despite all our efforts we still lost the game. 尽管我们尽了全力，

6、还是输掉了比赛。 (10)伴随状语常位于句末。 He sat in the armchair，_(read) a newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅里读报。,reading,二、状语从句 1状语从句指以句子形式在句中作状语。状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引导。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。,2学习状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用引导词和特殊引导词。 (1)时间状语从句 常用引导词：when，as，while，as

7、 soon as，before，after，since，till，until特殊引导词：the minute，the moment，the second，every time，the day，the instant，immediately，directly，no sooner.than，hardly.when，scarcely.when,while引导的从句中谓语动词必须是能够延续的动词。 She listened closely while he read. 在他读的时候，她认真地听。 as soon as，immediately，directly，instantly，the moment，

8、the instant，the minute等可引导时间状语从句，这些连词都表示“一就”。 The moment I heard the news，I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点。,hardly(scarcely,rarely).when/before，no sooner.than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly，scarcely，rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。 Hardly_ (have) I sat down when he_ (come) in. 我刚坐下，他

9、就进来了。 (2)地点状语从句 常用引导词：where 特殊引导词：wherever，anywhere，everywhere,had,came,(3)原因状语从句 常用引导词：because，since，as , for 特殊引导词：seeing that，now that，in that，considering that，given that It was because I missed the early bus that I was late for school. 我上学迟到是因为我没有赶上早班汽车。,Since everyone is here，lets start. 既然大家都到

10、了，咱们就开始吧。 There must be nobody in the classroom，for the light is off. 教室里一定没有人，因为灯灭了。(推测性理由),(4)目的状语从句常用引导词： so that，in order that 特殊引导词：in case，for fear that，in the hope that，for the purpose that,【注意:】 由so that(为了，以便)，in order that(为了，以便)，in case(以防，以备万一)等引导的目的状语从句中，常用can/could，may/might，shall/shou

11、ld，will/would等情态动词。目的状语从句多放在主句之后。in order that引导的目的状语从句被强调时，可放在主句之前。,(5)结果状语从句 常用引导词：so.that，so that，such.that 特殊引导词：such that，to the degree that，to the extent that，to such a degree that He spoke for such a long time that I began to fall asleep. His speech went on for _(long) I began to fall asleep.

12、 他说了这么长时间，以致我都犯困了。,so long that,There was _ dust that we couldnt see what was happening. 灰尘太大了，使得我们看不清发生了什么事。 So terrible _ the storm that the roof was ripped off.暴风真可怕，把整个的屋顶全都刮飞了。,so much,was,(6)条件状语从句 常用引导词：if，unless 特殊引导词：as/so long as，only if，providing/provided that，supposing that，in case that，

13、on condition that，as/so long as“只要”可以引导条件状语从句。 You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark.你可以随意到哪里去，只要在天黑以前回来就行。只有if可以引导虚拟语气的非真实条件状语从句。 If I were you，I would say “yes” 如果我是你，我会说“是”。,(7)让步状语从句 常用引导词：though，although，even if，even though 特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中，从句必须要倒装)，while(一般用在句首)，no ma

14、tter.，in spite of the fact that，whatever，whoever，wherever，whenever，however，whichever。 though，although引导让步状语从句时不与but连用，但是though和yet可连用。 _ the sore can be healed，yet a scar may remain. 伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。,Though,as引导让步状语从句时，意为“尽管，虽然”，从句多位于主句之前，而且必须使用倒装语序，此时as相当于though。 Strange _ it might sound，his idea was

15、accepted by all the people at the meeting. 尽管听起来奇怪，他的主意还是被出席会议的所有人接受了。,as/though,while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”，相当于although。 _ I really dont like art，I find his work impressive. 尽管我是真的不喜欢艺术，但我发现他的作品给我留下深刻印象。,While,(8)比较状语从句 常用引导词：as(同级比较)，than(不同程度的比较) 特殊引导词：the more.the more.；just as.，so.；A is to B what /

16、as X is to Y；no.more than；not A so much as B The more you study，the more knowledge you can get. 你学的越多，你的知识越丰富。,(9)方式状语从句 常用引导词：as，as if，how 特殊引导词：the way 当说话者认为句子所描述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时，as if从句用陈述语气；当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时，as if从句用虚拟语气。 Do as I_(tell)you.按我告诉你的那样做。 She loves the boy as if she

17、_ (be) his mother. 她爱这男孩，就好像她是他的母亲一样。,told,were,3.状语从句的省略 状语从句的省略常存在于以下五种状语从句中：由if，unless等引导的条件状语从句；由although，though，even if/though等引导的让步状语从句；由when，while，as，before，after，until/till等引导的时间状语从句；由as，as if等引导的方式状语从句；由as，than等引导的比较状语从句。,当状语从句的主语是it，且谓语动词是be时，it和be可以省略。 If possible=_，he will help you out o

18、f the difficulty. 如果可能的话，他会帮你摆脱困境。 从句的主语与主句的主语一致，且从句谓语动词是be的某种形式，从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。 As young=_，he learned how to ride a bike. 他小时候就学会了骑自行车。,If it is possible,As he was young,1._ in the river for five hours，the thief looked very pale and exhausted. A.Trapping B.Being trapped C.Having been trapped D.Hav

19、ing trapped,自测题： Choose the best answers.,C,2._ in the queue for half an hour，the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car. A.Waiting B.To wait C.Having waited D.To have waited 3.Dina，_ for mont hs to find a job as a waitress，finally took a position at a local advertising agency.

20、A.struggling B.struggled C.having struggled D.to struggle,C,C,4.You were silly not_ your car. A.to lock B.to have locked C.locking D.having locked 5.After his journey from abroad，Richard Jones returned home，_. A.exhausting B.exhausted C.being exhausted D.having exhausted,B,B,6.Lucys new job paid twi

21、ce as much as she had made_in the restaurant. A.working B.work C.to work D.worked 7.I like getting up very early in summer.The morning air is so good_. A.to be breathed B.to brea the C.breathing D.being breathed,A,B,8.How far away do they live? _I know，they live in the same neighbourhood. A.As long

22、as B.As far as C.As well as D.As often as 9._ around the Water Cube，we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. A.Having shown B.To be shown C.Having been shownD.To show,B,C,10_that he was in great danger，Eric walked deeper into the forest. A.Not realized B.Not to realize C.

23、Not realizing D.Not to have realized 11.After suffering a heart attack, Michael Jackson was announced dead,_a tragic end to the worlds most popular enterta iner. A.to mark B.marking C.marked D.having marked,C,B,12._ their hats into the air，the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.

24、 A.To throw B.Thrown C.Throwing D.Being thrown 13.I do every single bit of housework_my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then. A.since B.while C.when D.as,C,B,14.Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her? Yes，I gave it to her_I saw her. A.while B.the moment C.suddenly D.once 15.Th

25、e famous scientist grew up _he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai. A.when B.whenever C.where D.wherever,B,C,当堂检测：I:选择题 1._ at my classmates faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes. A.Looking B.Look C.To look D.Looked 2._ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a se

26、a of trees. A.Seen B.Seeing C.Having seen D.To see,A,A,3.John may phone tonight.I dont want to go out he phones. A.as long as B.in order that C.in case D.so that 4. late in the morning，Bob turned off the alarm. A.To sleep B.Sleeping C.Sleep D.Having slept,C,A,5. ，you need to give all you have and tr

27、y your best. A.Being a winner B.To be a winner C.Be a winner D.Having been a winner 6.Would you rather watch TV or go for a walk? _ the TV programme is good this afternoon, I think I need the exercise more. A.Even though B.No matter C.No matter how D.Whether,B,A,7.It was _ everyone went to the beach

28、. A.so hot a weather that B.such hot weather that C.a hot enough weather so that D.a very hot weather so that 8. _ he will not accept the offer, I have to find somebody else. A.Until B.Though C.As soon as D.Seeing that,B,D,9.We must improve the farming methods _ we may produce more crops. A.therefor

29、e B.as C.in order that D.if 10.We left the manager a note _ he wanted to know where we were. A.in order to B.unless C.so that D.in case,C,D,1.He sent me an email，_to get further information.(hope) 2.I hear theyve promoted Tom，but he didnt mention _ (promote)when we talked on the phone. 3.The children finished the run in less than half the time _(allow) 4._(see)that she was