Lexicology 词汇学.ppt

1、2020/9/3,For undergraduates,1,2020/9/3,1,Lecturer Li Zonghong,English Lexicology,Weeks 1-18,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,2,2020/9/3,2,Position in Linguistics ?,Phonetics speech sound Phonology sound pattern Morphology word-formation Lexicology word-analysis ! Semantics word meaning (literary) Pragmat

2、ics word meaning (in use) Syntax word order (phrase, sentence) Discourse word organization (para., text),2020/9/3,For undergraduates,3,Embrace of Lexicology,Morphology studies the structure or form of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct. Semantics studies meaning of different ling

3、uistic levels (lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc., here at lexical level mainly). Etymology studies the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. Stylistics studies styles (contextual choices of linguistic elements, such as lexis, phonology, syntax, graphology, i.e., stylistic val

4、ues of words). Lexicography studies the form, meaning, origins and usages of words.,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,4,2020/9/3,4,Topics for Lexicology,Historical change Change of form Change of pronunciation Change of meaning Change of word formation Word origins (Etymology) The word-formation Sense rel

5、ations (paradigmatic vs syntagmatic) Idioms Dictionaries Differences between American and British languages,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,5,2020/9/3,5,Notions and Expressions,Notions and Expressions Cognate Etymology Jargon (cf. cant) The core vocabulary The learned vocabulary,2020/9/3,For undergradua

6、tes,6,2020/9/3,6,Four levels of word power,Speaking vocabulary (Active vocabulary) Writing vocabulary (Active vocabulary) Reading vocabulary (Passive vocabulary) Guess vocabulary (Passive vocabulary) Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.,2020/9/3,Fo

7、r undergraduates,7,2020/9/3,7,Story of words, language,Applaud i reume or kyngdom come to be. Be i wille don in here as it is dounin heuene.yeue to us today oure eche dayes bred.And foryeue to us oure dettis at is oure synnys as we foryeuen to oure dettouris at is to men at han synned in us.And lede

8、 us not into temptacion but delyuere us from euyl.,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,15,2020/9/3,15,Early Modern English,Our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy name.Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in heauen.Giue us this day our daily bread.And forgiue us our debts as we forgi

9、ue our debters.And lead us not into temptation, but deliuer us from euill. Amen. - (King James Version, 1611),2020/9/3,For undergraduates,16,2020/9/3,16,Why does language change?,Borrowing (examples from English) Latin: animal, deficit, exit, extra, item, logic, pope French: art, beauty, dinner, dre

10、ss, jail, napkin, passion Greek: comedy, climax, dialogue, drama, episode Spanish: adobe, canyon, cigar, guerilla, plaza, vanilla German: angst, kindergarten, pretzel, sauerkraut, spiel, blitz, biz, waltz Italian: attitude, balcony, opera, piano, tempo, umbrella, legato, staccato, loggia Persian: pa

11、radise, khaki, van, pyjamas, Arabic: algorithm, algebra, minaret, sultan Chinese: tea/chaa, kotow, silk, china, lichi Russian: sputnik, metro, coolie (Hindi) Japanese: kimono, tatami, judo,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,17,2020/9/3,17,Example of English,Borrowings from French (after the Norman Invasion

12、 or the Norman Conquest). Sometimes both versions survived: French English porkswine beefcow (more examples? veal/calf) rabbit ? (counterexample) lamb ? (any more? dog, chicken),2020/9/3,For undergraduates,18,2020/9/3,18,Why does language change?,Simplification Phonological system: Persian: long fea

13、tures not productive FrontBack i u e e: o: o Q a o:, e: - u, ishe:r - shir Result:homophones: shir: lion/milk,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,19,2020/9/3,19,Why does language change?,Simplification Morphological system Simplification of the Case system from the ancient IE languages to their daughter lan

14、guages. Syntactic system Loss of ergative construction in Persian: the verb agreed with the object if in past tense.,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,20,2020/9/3,20,Attitudes to language change,Fortunately, I have a spare fan belt. Frankly, you ought to stop seeing Bill. Mercifully, the ceasefire appears

15、 to be holding. Undoubtedly, she has something up her sleeve. Hopefully, well be there in time for lunch.,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,21,2020/9/3,21,Function of language change,I hope well be there in time for lunch, but I suspect we wont make it. Hopefully, well be there in time for lunch, but I su

16、spect we wont make it. Colourless green ideas sleep furiously. (Noam Chomsky, 1957 vs Zhao Yuanren, 1980) Language is a steed which can take you to a distant country.,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,22,2020/9/3,22,More,My car is being repaired. My house is being painted. This problem is being discussed

17、at todays meeting. My car is repairing. My house is painting. This problem is discussing at todays meeting.,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,23,2020/9/3,23,Language Classification,Isolating Each idea is expressed in a separate word or morpheme. Words tend to be monosyllabic. e.g., Chinese Agglutinative W

18、ords are made of multiple syllables. Each syllable has meaning. e.g., Turkish. For example, ev (house), evler (houses), evlerde (in the houses), evlerden (from the houses),2020/9/3,For undergraduates,24,2020/9/3,24,Language Classification,Incorporative major sentence elements incorporated into singl

19、e word e.g., Inuktitut (Eskimo): Qasuiirsarvigssarsingitluinarnarpuq means Someone did not find a completely suitable resting place.,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,25,2020/9/3,25,Language Classification,Inflective an alteration in or addition to a form of a word to indicate such things as case, gender,

20、 number, mood, and tense; one fusional affix may mark several grammatical categories at the same time, e.g., Latin Latin mel (honey); Old English milisc (honey sweet), medu (mead) and mildeaw (honey dew); Sanskrit madhu (honey); Dutch mede) Bees are not found in any of the Asiatic sites proposed as

21、the IE homeland.,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,35,2020/9/3,35,Origin of I-E,Common words for snow, winter, spring; for dog, horse, cow, sheep bear, but not camel, lion, elephant, or tiger; for beech, oak, pine, willow, but not palm or banyan I-E Cultural: complex sense of family relationship and organ

22、ization; used gold and silver but not copper and iron; words for wheel, axle, and yoke show they used animals to pull wheeled vehicles; they farmed (not nomadic) with plows and kept domestic animals; they believed in multiple gods.,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,36,2020/9/3,36,History of English,4000 B

23、C to 1500 BC Stone Age man and the first farmers 1500 BC to the Roman Invasion in 43 AD 410 to 1066 Anglo Saxon Britain Viking raids The Norman invasion,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,37,2020/9/3,37,History of English,Old English (449-1066): Mid fifth century A. D.: Germanic tribes invaded England. Sev

24、eral dialects emerged. West Saxon became the most important one. This language is now called Old English or Anglo Saxon,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,38,2020/9/3,38,Features of Old English,Vocabulary Purely Germanic Rarity of Latin and absence of French Grammar Synthetic language: Old English Analytic

25、 language: Modern English,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,39,2020/9/3,39,Stories behind words,Gossip Godsib (related to God in old English) cf.: the Babel Tower (one people, one language) Sibling a brother or sister,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,40,2020/9/3,40,Stories behind words,Kidnap Kid+Nap (compound

26、 of two slangs in Middle English) A baby to be baptized The Godparents Kid: a child Nap: Steal,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,41,2020/9/3,41,Notions and Expressions,Dialect Inflection Inflective languages Language family Indo-European languages Sanskrit,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,42,2020/9/3,42,More!,

27、Draw inference about what they mean Commit the words to memory Keep your working pile current Attribute the success to his hard work Venerable or vulnerable?,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,43,2020/9/3,43,Foreign Influence on Old English,The Celtic: London, Thames, Avon, Kent, crag, bin The Latin The Sc

28、andinavian Influence 790 A. D. the invasion of the Vikings,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,44,2020/9/3,44,Germanic Influence,For-, in-, -ful, -dom, -the, -ful, -hood, -ship, -ness, -ish,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,45,2020/9/3,45,Influence of Latin,altar, candle, disciple, hymn, martyr, nun, priest, pope

29、, shrine, temple -able, -ible, -uble, -ent, -al, -ous, -ive,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,46,2020/9/3,46,Scandinavian Influence,are, they, their, them, till, call die, give, take, skin, sky, window, ill , weak -sk,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,47,2020/9/3,47,Middle English,Norman Conquest in 1066 Willia

30、m the Conqueror The course of English language was changed,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,48,2020/9/3,48,The use of French,The upper class The bilingual character of the England The relation between the England and the continent,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,49,2020/9/3,49,The Thirteenth Century,Upper cl

31、ass: French Upper class: English for a general use in the middle of the century Adoption of French words into English Imperfect French,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,50,2020/9/3,50,French Influence on the Vocabulary,More direct on vocabulary Before 1250, 900 words through contact of nobility After 1250

32、, common words,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,51,2020/9/3,51,Governmental and Administrative Words,state, royal, authority, court, council, parliament, treaty, tax, public, exile, liberty, prince, princess, sir, madam,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,52,2020/9/3,52,Words about Religion,religion, prayer, les

33、son, faith, passion, chapter, virgin, pray, miracle, mystery, salvation, immortality, preach,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,53,2020/9/3,53,Law,justice, judgment, advocate, attorney, bell, complaint, fine, punishment, accuse, sue, imprison, property, innocent,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,54,2020/9/3,54,A

34、rmy and Navy,army, navy, peace, enemy, arms, battle, defense, soldier, guard, spy, banner,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,55,2020/9/3,55,Fashion, Meals and Social Life,habit, train, garment, lace, button, blue, brown, scarlet, pearl, diamond, crystal, dinner, supper, feast, taste, appetite, cream, sugar

35、, salad, date, grape, orange, cherry, roast, boil, fry,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,56,2020/9/3,56,Art, Learning, Medicine,art, painting, sculpture, music, beauty, color, figure, image, palace, tower, prose, romance, story, tragedy, copy, compile, medicine, pain, physician, surgeon, poison,2020/9/3,F

36、or undergraduates,57,2020/9/3,57,Topics for today,Vocabulary of Early Modern English Borrowing from other European languages Borrowing from other family languages Latest development of English vocabulary Morphological structure of English,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,58,2020/9/3,58,Early Modern Engli

37、sh,1476, the introduction of printing press, by Sir William Caxton. 1492, the discovery of the New World 1755, the Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson 1776, American revolution,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,59,2020/9/3,59,The Background of Early Modern English,The rise of literacy: ac

38、cess to books Expansion of the lexicon Renaissance,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,60,2020/9/3,60,Vocabulary Enrichment During the Renaissance,Renaissance: began in Italy, spread in Europe and reached English in 15th c. The importance of French loans decreased. New learned words from Latin and Greek.,20

39、20/9/3,For undergraduates,61,2020/9/3,61,Borrowed from Latin,Being educated equals to the proficiency in Latin and Greek Translation of classics: new words introduced rather translated,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,62,2020/9/3,62,Examples,Alumnus, arena curriculum, elect exclusive, imitate investigate

40、, relate Invitation, frequency, virus, offensive,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,63,2020/9/3,63,Latin Affixes,-ence, -ancy, -ius, -ia, -ous, -os, -ate, -us ante- (antecedent, antedate, anteroom), post-, sub-, super-, ex-,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,64,2020/9/3,64,Borrowed from Classical Greek,Entered in

41、to English through French and Latin Indirect: atmosphere, chaos, economy, drama, syllable, scheme Direct: catastrophe, criterion, lexicon, rhythm, syllabus,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,65,2020/9/3,65,Borrowed from Other European Languages,Italian: stanza, balcony, opera; musical words (alto, baritone

42、, bass, basso, bassoon) Dutch: trigger, drill, smuggle Spanish and Portuguese: potato, cargo,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,66,2020/9/3,66,New Loanwords 1500-1700 (625 loan words/1848 words),Latin 393 French 121 French or Latin 20 Greek 35 Italian 16 Spanish/Portuguese 16 German and Dutch 9 Other langu

43、ages 15,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,67,2020/9/3,67,Assassin/Assassination,Arabic Sheik-al-jebal: the old man of the mountain Scimitars: razor sharp, curved swords,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,68,2020/9/3,68,More Examples,Hashish/Hashishin Slobbering, vicious animal Crusades (1095-1291),2020/9/3,For u

44、ndergraduates,69,2020/9/3,69,Morphological Structure,Linguistic notions Word Morpheme Root vs Stem Affix Allomorph (vs Allophone),2020/9/3,For undergraduates,70,2020/9/3,70,A poem,A word is dead When it is said, Some say. I say it just Begins to live That day. - Emily Dickinson, “A Word”,2020/9/3,Fo

45、r undergraduates,71,2020/9/3,71,The definition of words,Smallest free-standing forms that represent meaning. A triadic combination of f-, s-, m-. 词，今指语言组织中的基础单位， 能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。 辞海1984，375页，上海辞书出版社,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,72,The longest word in English,Smiles (A riddle) Antidisestablishmenta

46、rianism (主张政教分离者，国家对教会不予承认论 ) Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis (着病，肺尘病，硅酸盐沉着病，矽肺病) - Websters Seventh International Dictionary Thecatsatonthematwhichwasverywarmunderthesuninthebluesky,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,73,2020/9/3,73,Morpheme,The smallest/minimal meaningful linguistic unit of

47、language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms The smallest unit of linguistic meaning A particular string of sounds united with a related meaning in our mental dictionaries,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,74,2020/9/3,74,A phoneme,A phoneme only conveys sound distinction, but a morpheme has bo

48、th sound and meaning. A seme/sememe/semanteme barogram, barograph, baroscope, barometer, floodometer),2020/9/3,For undergraduates,93,2020/9/3,93,Free bound,Affixes are bound morphemes It is quite normal for free morphemes to become bound e.g. less (adj.): devoid of, lacking dom: doom, judgement (Chr

49、istendom, dukedom, Nazidom, moviedom = movieland) hood: condition or state,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,94,2020/9/3,94,Functions of affixes,Derivational affixes (prefixes, suffixes) Affixes which participate in the formation of new words Inflectional affixes (grammatical affixes) Do not form a new wo

50、rd Play a grammatical function,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,95,2020/9/3,95,Derivation of unhabitableness,The stem is habit N ADJ ness un ADJ V able in habit,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,96,2020/9/3,96,Main Processes of English Word-formation,Affixation/Derivation (Prefixes, Suffixes, Infixes) Conversi

51、on (Zero Derivation ) Compounding or Composition Backward-formation (laser, maser, lazy),Abbreviation/Shortening (Acronym, Initialism, Blending, Clipping) Reduplication (Retronym) Analogy Reversion (e.g., income) Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia.doc,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,97,2020/9/3,97,Categories of

52、prefixes,Negative-prefixes a-, an- (used before vowels) dis- in-, il-, im-, ir- non- un- ob- se-, sed- de-, dis/dys-: proficiency/deficiency, dys-/mal-function,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,98,2020/9/3,98,Negative prefixes,a-, an-: lacking of, lacking in, without; combined with n. or adj. used chiefly

53、 learned and scientific words e.g. amoral, asexual, asymmetry, anarchy, aseptic, anhydrous, atypical, asomnia, abnormal,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,99,2020/9/3,99,Negative Prefixes,dis-, combining with adj., adv., n. and v. e.g., dishonest, disjoint, disloyal, disunity, disuse (n.), disbenefit, disa

54、mbiguate,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,100,2020/9/3,100,More,in-, im- (before labials), il-, ir- incomplete, inconsistent, incorrect, insane, inattention, illiterate, illogical, imbalanced, immortal, irrational, irrelevant, impolite, impossible Note: less common than un-,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,10

55、1,2020/9/3,101,non-,non-black, nonscience, nonbusiness, nonfree (without freedom), nongreen nonperishable, nontrivial, non-U (adj.): (BrE.) not of the upper class,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,102,2020/9/3,102,New meaning of non-,nonbook: a book which has little literacy or factual information noncand

56、idate: a person who has not announced or is unwilling to announce his candidacy of an office nonhero: antihero: a hero whose character is opposite to traditional one nonperson: a person regarded as non-existent; unperson,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,103,2020/9/3,103,Difference: non-, un-,non-: binary

57、 (non-gradable) contrast un-: the opposite end of a scale Example: non-scientific: fields other than science unscientific: not scientific,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,104,2020/9/3,104,Productive prefix as non-,600 words with the prefix non- in Websters New Collegiate Dictionary, 1977,2020/9/3,For und

58、ergraduates,105,2020/9/3,105,un- (adj., participles, n.),Unfriendly, uninformative, unwise, unremarked (unnoticed), unassuming (modest), unease, unrest Other meanings of un- unbook: a book bought not to be used but to be given as a present unpeople: people in lack of humanity and individuality unper

59、son: a political or public figure who has lost the influence or importance,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,106,2020/9/3,106,ob-, se-,ob-: in the opposite direction object, obverse, se-: apart separate, select,2020/9/3,For undergraduates,107,2020/9/3,107,Judgment prefixes,dis- (intensifier): disturb, disgruntle dys- (badly): dyslogistic, dyspeptic eu- (good, well): eugenics, euphoria Extra-: extraordinary, extramarital Mal- (ill, evil): malpractice, maltreat, maldevelopment, malfunction, malnutrition, cf.