托福阅读基础同位语.ppt

1、TOEFL READING,Sherry,Review,定语 状语 独立主格,按照什么顺序来理解拆解后的简单句集 关联词和主句专一原则 关联词：连词；关系代词；标点符号-冒号和句号 主句专一 ：1个主句；N+1个关联词 句子之间的关联方式 并列 嵌套 括号匹配发法 左括号的条件 (关联词+非完整句) 关联词+(完整句) 右括号的条件 句子终结(冒号、感叹号、分号) 后续内容与当前内容无关 连接句子的并列连词之前或者分号之前,Other researchers have found that disapproval of the marriage by friends and family is

2、 an important indicator of instability ahead since this disapproval represents not only a prediction by people who know the couple but also a vote of non-confidence from those who could have helped bind the couple together.,It appeared that (1 Canada was once more falling in step with the trend towa

3、rd smaller families (2that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.)1)2,The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras:(th

4、e first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when( it was recognized for the first time that (food contained constituents (that were essential for human function )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents),同位语,同位语从句 同位语成分,

5、He was prepared to prove his theory that two different weights would fall to the ground at the same time. They are faced with the problem whether they should continue to work. I have no idea when he will return.,名词性词+解释说明,I have been left with the knowledge (that its better to expect nothing than to

6、 give everything and then be disappointed). The statement by the driver of the vehicle that he did not see the lorry was rejected by the court. The latest purported taped message from Osama Bin Laden has raised concern among Eropean intelligence and law enforcement officials that their countries are

7、 now on his hit list. Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.,从属连词that, whether An approval whether we will be allowed to study abroad has not come down to us so far 连接代词what, which, who Its hard to make a decision who would be the proper perso

8、n in charge of that factory. We now come to the main problem, what the cause of his crime was and who induced him to commit it. I have no idea which I shall choose.,同位语连接词,连接副词how, when, where, why We haven t ye settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. He had no idea how

9、 many people were drowned in the flood.,从句作用 We have no notion where this idiom can be used. Lets think of a situation where this idiom can be used. 职责功能(that) He is a man that you can safely depend on. I have a belief that you can safely depend on him 对应关系 I shall never forget the day when we first

10、 met. Do you still have a vivid recollection when we first met,与定语从句之比较,that是否做成分/意义不同 the rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue. the rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue. 他到处散布的那个谣言，结果证明是假的。 有人谣传Tom是窃贼，结果证明是假的。 the fact that we talked about is very important. the fac

11、t that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody. 我们讨论的这些情况很重要。 他的实验成功了，这让大家都很高兴。,I wonder where she comes from. Whether it rains or shines, we will have outdoor sports tomorrow Put the guide- book where we can all see it. The suggestion whether we should set up a company needs great consider

12、ation.,其他-名词中心词,同位语 处理方法 普通同位语 A,B（定语从句/同位语从句） A，orB A of B: the city of Beijing Aof B of C of D:D的C的B的A 分割和粘连。分割，同位语经常来分割 同位语从句（不属于简单句的范畴） n+that+句子（完整句）,As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to heal

13、th have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs，that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like,Ke

14、en observers and quick learners，they are astute about the intentions of other creatures，including researchers，and adept at avoiding them. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the

15、 Industrial Revolution.,In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord，and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group，a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century People in the United States in the nineteenth century w

16、ere haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nations economy would bring social chaos,In the railroads prime years，between 1 890 and 1920，there were a few individuals in the United States，most of them with solid railroading experience behind them，who made a profession of writing abou

17、t railroading-works offering the ambience of stations，yards，and locomotive cabs,The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North, though less spectacularly. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord，and the harpsichord beca

18、me the chief instruments of the keyboard group，a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century,They are an example of a common theme in evolution，the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reas

19、on-in this case，for flight,句子之间的关联方式 并列 并列连词的用法 并列连词的用法：并列连词连接结构功能性质均相同的成分必须完全对等 for and nor but or yet so,并列句类型 The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slo

20、wing the process Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior 从句子的最后一个并列部分开始看起，向前寻找与之相似的结构,嵌套 常见的复杂句形式 宾语从句 S+V+THAT+句子（完整句） S+V+WHAT+句子

21、（非完整句），引导名词从句，相当于anything that 表语从句 S+系动词+表语+句子 主语从句 That/ What +句子+V It+Vi+that+句子（完整句） It+be+adj+that+句子（完整句） 特殊的定语/同位语从句 N+that+句子+同位语（完整句）,The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods since 1790s. North American entrepreneurs-even without the technolog

22、ical improvement- had broadened the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers(who each performed a single step of the production process.),The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the ei

23、ghteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century. Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly its modern counterpart, the most obvious difference being that it is ofen much h

24、eavier.,These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history，providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented,It is a lifelong process，a process that star

25、ts long before the start of school and one that should be an integral part of ones entire life(并列同位语a process that，and one that) The argument that humans，even in prehistoric times，had some number sense，at least to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and less when some objects were added t

26、o or taken away from a small group，seems fair, for studies have shown that some animals possess such a sense,The acute，growing public awareness of the social changes that had been taking place for some time was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century，including

27、growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspapers,In fact，throughout the animal kingdom，from sponges to certain types of worms，shellfish，and all vertebrates creatures possessing a spinal column , there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals,The achievements of the colonial artists，particularly those of Copley，West, and Peale，lent credence to the boast that the new n