语言学共时性和历时性的区分.ppt

1、,Important Distinctions in Linguistics,Descriptive vs. Prescriptive Synchronic vs. Diachronic Langue Natural speech-incomplete, utterance,Synchronic （共时性）vs. Diachronic（历时性） A synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. Most g

2、rammars are of this kind. Language state Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history. Language changes,The description of a language at some point in time,The description of a language as it changes through time,One principal in linguistics is the priority of

3、synchronic descriptions. State _ changes,共时语言学与历时语言学的分开，标志着语言学从从印欧语系的比较声韵学走进结构语言学。,Langue 抽象 稳定 系统 契约 言语（Parole）则指人们实际使用的语言，或者说是语言的实现。 具体 自然发生,Competence（语言能力） & Performance（语言运用） A language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence. Performance refers

4、to the actual use of language in concrete situations.,艾弗拉姆诺姆乔姆斯基博士（Avram Noam Chomsky,1928年12月7日）是麻省理工学院语言学的荣誉退休教授。乔姆斯基的生成语法被认为是20世纪理论语言学研究上最伟大的贡献。他还通过对伯尔赫斯弗雷德里克斯金纳的口头行为的评论，发动了心理学的认知革命，挑战在1950年代占主导地位的行为主义者学习精神和语言的方式。他那自然的学习语言的方法也对语言和精神的哲学起了很大的影响。,诺姆乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky, 1928-），美国语言学家，转换-生成语法的创始人。 语言能力和

5、语言运用 语言 言语,Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual. While Saussure looks at language more from a sociological point of view.,Diachronic linguistics distinguishes four phases of English: old English, middle English , early modern E