Lecture 4 词义的选择和意义的.ppt

1、,词义的选择和意义的引申,词义的选择和意义的引申,一、词义的选择 翻译的过程就是对原作的语言形式进行一系列的转换过程。词义表达作为翻译过程的一个组成部分，就是对原作中词语的含义进行语言形式的转换与变化，具体来说，在英译汉过程中可以通过以下的步骤和方法把原作中的词语含义充分而妥帖地表达出来。,1.选择释义：把这个词在这句话里所表达的意思确实弄清楚，同时也就挑选出适合的释义。 2.考虑措词：认真考虑用什么样的措词来表达这个意思最好。 3.调整句子：这个措词放在句子里还要做些什么调整才能使句子在意义和结构上完整。 4. 灵活处理：找不到恰当的对应表达手段时，考虑用什么间接的表达手段。 总之，表达词义

2、不能机械地把词典里的释义搬到译文中，应对词语含义的表现形式进行必要的转换。,选择释义：词典里没有直接能对上的释义时，弄清这个词在文章中的实际含义， 以词典提供的最接近的释义为基础，联系文章里的上下文来考虑。 a good Christian 虔诚的教徒 a good parent 慈爱的父母 a good child 孝顺的儿女 a good wife 贤良的妻子 a good husband 尽职的丈夫,In the United States a battle had long raged in military and congressional circles over how muc

3、h of our defense effort should be allocated to bombers, how much to missiles. 美国军界和国会对建设国防的力量多少用在轰炸机上和多少用在导弹上这一问题一直争论不休。,一词多义是语言的普遍现象，同一个词，由于语境的不同，其词义可千差万别。因此，根据不同的语境选择正确的词是翻译的一项基本职能。 1.He got all the credit for the discovery. 他因为这项发明获得各项荣誉。 2.The availability of cheap long term credit would help sm

4、all business. 长期的低息贷款可以扶持小型企业。 3.They sold grain on credit during time of famine. 他们在饥荒时赊销粮食。,4.How much do I have to my credit? 我的银行户头上还有多少钱？ 5.They can not obtain credit at all in the trade. 他们在这次贸易往来中失去了信誉。 6.They have opened the covering credit with the Bank of China, London. 他们在伦敦的中国银行开具了相关的信用证

5、。,1.China is indeed a poor country, but it intends to catch up. 中国的确是一个穷国，但它打算迎头赶上。 2.The Department of Justice was reluctant to bring poor cases into court. 司法部不愿意把没有把握打赢的官司拿到法庭上去。 3.In my poor opinion, you should let her go. 鄙意是你应当放她走。,4. Other media closer to the scene dismissed Cater as a poor l

6、oser. 对此事比较了解的其他报纸认为，卡特是一个输了会发脾气的人。 5.She took me in her cabin and told me that she was a poor sailor and always went to bed immediately on getting on the boat. 她把我带到她房间内，并告诉我说，她有晕船的毛病，所以总是一上船就上床睡觉。,二、意义的引申 英语和汉语分属两个不同的语系，各有自己的一套词汇、语法、修辞手段和习惯用法。同一个意思，英、汉语表达的方法可以很不相同，因此翻译时常有这样的现象：看着原文，也许很容易领会，但若按字面意思

7、和原文形式直译出来，却会叫人迷惑不解，有时甚至引起误解。再者，英汉两个民族的历史背景、社会习惯、分俗人情等都不尽相同，这些差异也比然会反映到语言中来，增加翻译的难度。鉴于这种情况，翻译时需采取一些灵活的方法，运用一些符合汉语习惯的语法或修辞手段，对原文形式稍作变化，将其内容实质确切地表达出来。引申就是常用的手法之一。,引申就是把原文中词句所包含的意义在译文中引申出新的意义，原有的意义和引申出的意义是基本上一致的，但前者与后者之间又有了变化，这些变化可以是（1）在译文中从新的角度以新的形式来体现原文中的含义，是说法变了但内容没变；（2）原文中的词语本身以及上下文之间所蕴涵的意义在译文中明确地表达

8、了出来，是表达深广度地调整，但内容没有实质性的变化。,1.The U-2s revealed more than this . U-2S揭露的不仅仅是这件事。 2.The most significant of my final acts in the Mediterranean took place on Christmas Day,1943. 在地中海最后的活动中最有意义的一件事发生在1943年的圣诞。 3.The best way to see a city is often from a boat. 从船上远眺往往是欣赏一个城市最好的方法。 4.Men can think, feel

9、and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. 从读者共同爱好的作品中读者得到思想共鸣。,不同专业、领域，词义有别 Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。 Assume that the input voltage from the power supply remains constant. 假定由电源输入的电压保持不变。 The third power of 2 is 8. 2的三次方是8。 By power we mean the rate of doing work. 所谓功率，指的是做功的速率

10、。,三、引申的范围和依据 i. 引申的范围：意义的引申包括词义的引申和句义的引申。对英语原文中的某些部分加以引申，改变原文的结构，或者将其弦外之音补译出来，这样才能使译文顺畅。 This little, frail old man sought comfort in the past. He was bewildered by the present, and afraid of the future. 这个矮小、瘦弱的老人在已逝去的岁月中寻求慰藉，对眼前感到迷惘，对未来感到恐惧。,英汉两种语言的差异不仅表现在词汇方面，而且更重要地表现在句子的结构上。译文意思有时与原文相悖，有时显得生硬别扭，

11、其原因往往不在于个别字词的译法上，而在于过分拘泥于原文的句子结构，因而貌合神离。因此，翻译时如果既要充分体系原文意思，又要使译文通顺自然，常常必须改变整个句子的结构。,Silence reigned all over for a while. 一时间鸦雀无声。 He hade lived all his life in desert where every cupful of water might be a matter of life or death. 他一直生活在沙漠里，这地方每一杯水都得精打细算地用；一杯水就可能是生死攸关的事情。 -When shall we meet today?

12、 -This is a bad day. 我们今天什么时候见面？我今天实在太忙了，改天好吗？,Come to see me whenever you need my help. 有事尽管来找我。 So it is now or never. 过了这个村就没有这个店了。 She was ready to go, but first she wanted her book to be in paint. 她准备与世永诀，但她想亲眼看到她那部书出版后再瞑目。,ii. 引申的依据：可以是词语或句子的蕴涵意义，也可以是上下文对词句的相互影响。 Washington must do something a

13、bout that man, and soon. 华盛顿政府必须对那人采取措施，一定不能再拖了。 A threatened king in chess must be protected, in war he may instead chose to fight. 下棋的国王受到威胁时应受到保驾，但在战争中他会选择搏斗一番。,iii. 引申的方法： A. 变换 变换就是变换意义的表达形式，就是换一个说法来表达同样的意思，具体化（形象化）或笼统化（抽象化、概念化）。 1.There is still time for Prime Minister Macmillans visit to cont

14、ribute to a lessening of international tension. 麦克米伦首相在这次访问中仍然还来得及在缓和国际紧张局势方面作出贡献。 2.The captivity in the hands of Nazis is a struggle against hunger, cold and persecution. 对纳粹分子手中的俘虏来说，生活是一场与饥饿、寒冷和迫害的斗争。,3.Begin worried about new violence in Lebanon. 贝京担心黎巴嫩会发生新的暴力事件。 4. There is a mixture of the t

15、iger and the ape in the character of that person. 这个人的性格既残暴又狡猾。 5.Every life has roses and thorn. 生活总是有苦有乐。（人生道路既铺满鲜花，又布满荆棘。）,6.As the plane came in at New Yorks International Airport, Edith had a moment of fear. 飞机抵达纽约国际机场时，埃迪斯心里掠过一阵恐惧。 7.Its one of the most useful of the household conveniences. 这是

16、最常用的家用设备之一。 8.The press trip to Yenan will leave in the near future. 访问延安的代表团将在最近出发。,9.At length, after having climbed one considerable eminence, the guide spoke some words to him, and pointed down the valley. 最后，登上一处高地之后，向导向他说了些什么并用手指了指山谷。 10.Words once reserved for rest-room walls are now common s

17、tuff in films, plays, books and even on television. 以前不登大雅之堂的话语如今充斥电影，剧本，书籍，甚至电视。,B. 赋予褒扬或贬低的色彩 1.It is said that a successful businessman must be aggressive. 人们常说，成功的企业家必定是有闯劲的。 2. The aggressive nature of Japanese Jingoism will never change. 日本军国主义侵略的本质是决不会改变的。 3. I heard about the man. He is hono

18、rable both in word and deed. 我听说过这个人，他是个言行令人钦佩的人。,4.Japanese invaders evil deeds did not intimidate the Chinese people. 日本侵略者的罪恶行径并没有吓倒中国人民。 5. She was flattered that they had invited her. 受到他们的邀请，她感到受宠若惊。 6. “They are all watching at me.” “You flatter yourself?” “他们都在注视着我。” “你别自作多情了。”,C. 四字成语的使用 引申

19、意义时， 常用到一些四字成语或四字格式的短语，这些词语可以帮助我们把意思表达得准确、生动，读起来顺畅悦耳。 1.I stood there, my whole attention fixed upon the motions of her fingers. 我站在那儿，聚精会神地注视她的手上动作。 2.“what America has lost,” says one veteran observer, “is the cocky, do anything assurance of the 1950s.” 一位资深地观察家说道，“美国失去的是50年代那种趾高气昂，做什么事都充满自信的精神。”,

20、3.The mighty Pacific washes the shores of five continentsNorth America, South America, Asia, Australia and Antarctica. 气势磅礴的太平洋海浪冲刷着五大洲北美洲，南美洲，亚洲，澳大利亚和南极洲的海岸。 4.“Mr. Sherlock Holmes! This is a pleasant surprise.” “福尔摩斯先生，这真令我又惊又喜！”,D.比喻和成语典故的引申 1）将比喻引申为它所象征的语义 a. Lets put all cards on the table. 让我们

21、打开天窗说亮话。 b. Well never be taken in by their Cains heresy. 我们决不会被他们那种杀人者的谬论所迷惑。 c. They have, by this very act, opened Pandoras box. 他们这种做法，种下了各种弊害的祸根。(等于是打开了潘多拉的盒子),2)直译比喻并点明其含义 a. Dont pull a long face like that. 别像这样哭丧着脸/拉长了脸。 b. John considered himself a VIP; actually, he was another schoolboy in

22、 a row of schoolboy desks. 约翰把自己看成了一个了不起的人物；其实，他不过像个在一排课桌中坐着的，任人摆布的小学生罢了。 c. France, however, turned a deaf ear to what Thiers flattered himself to be a parliamentary sirens song. 然而，法国对于梯也儿在议会上发表的自以为像海妖歌声一样迷人的言辞置若罔闻。,Exercises,account for He is ill; that accounts for his absence. In his battle he a

23、ccounted for five of the enemy. I want you to account for every cent you spent.,Exercises,2. make up If the stove isnt made up, it will go out. There isnt any girl called Clementine. Hes just made her up. Half the roads in the region are still to be made up. Society is made up of people with widely differing abilities. It took Laurence Oliver more than an hour to make up for the part of “Othello”. They made up a bed on the sofa for the unexpected visitor. We have to drive fast to make up the hour we lost in Boston.,Exercises,Like ch