international communication 第3章.ppt

1、Unit 3 Part I,1. What is culture?,2. What behaviors of ours are born with?,3. What are learned in the cultural environment?,4. Do you think Americans are optimistic?,5. What are characteristics of culture?,A Brief Review of Unit 2,Key to translation,文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把

2、文化看做是支持软件运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描写文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来

3、自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就高所我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么。文化还高所我们事物应该是什么样的。文化为我们提供超越个体经验的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑什么。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并解释为什么符合这些准则的行为正当、合法。,Unit 3 Cultural Diversity, Warm Up,1. Why does Jackson say that Mr. Zhao has asked too much?,2. What do you think of the

4、relationship between Mr. Qian and Mr. Zhao? Are they really good friends?,To many Chinese, Mr. Qian and Mr. Zhao are really good friends, for they have helped each other from time to time. Since Mr. Zhao lent Mr. Qian a large sum of money to help his business get over the difficulty, Mr. Qian was gr

5、eatly indebted to Mr. Zhao. In Chinese culture, friendship means a willingness to be indebted and repay the debt more than owed.,However, many Americans, like Jackson, would say that Mr. Zhao was asking too much, for what they value more was individual achievement and independence rather than relati

6、onship with one another, and they do not like to put themselves in others debt, especially for those matters where Mr. Zhao asked Mr. Qian to help. Of course, Americans are willing to help their friends. But most of the time, things for which they will lend a helping hand to their friends are trivia

7、l, such as driving a friend to an important event when his or her own arrangements for transportation fail.,Further Reading I_ Cultural Dimensions,1.1 Individualism versus collectivism,1.1.1 Individualism 1. What countries tend toward individualism? 2. What is individualism?,1.1.2 Collectivism 3. Wh

8、at countries tend toward collectivism? 4. What is collectivism?,He travels the fastest who travels alone.,Birds that come forward will be shot first.,1.1.3 Huge cultural differences,5. What are different cultural tendencies?,6. What are different ways people talk?,1) Members of collectivistic cultur

9、es,2) Members of individualist cultures,1) The way collectivistic cultures talk,2) The way individualist cultures talk,1.2 Uncertainty avoidance (不确定性规避),1.2.1 The definition of uncertainty avoidance,7. What do we mean by “uncertainty”?,8. What do we mean by “avoidance”?,9. How to avoid “uncertainty

10、”?,10. Why do these cultures try to avoid it?,1.2.2 Low-uncertainty-avoidance cultures,11.What cultures have this tendency?,12.What are the characteristics of these cultures?,1.2.3 High-uncertainty-avoidance cultures,13.What cultures have this tendency?,14.What are the characteristics of these cultu

11、res?,1.2.4 Unexpected problems,15.What will happen when European Americans communicate with someone from a high-UAI culture?,16.What will happen when European Americans communicate with someone from a low-UAI country?, What have you learned from this section?,1.3 Power distance (权力差距),1.3.1 The defi

12、nition of power distance,17. Do you think all men are created equal? Why?,18. What is power distance dimension?,1.3.2 Low-power-distance countries,19. What countries have this tendency?,20. What are the characteristics of this tendency?,1.3.3 High-power-distance countries,21. What countries have thi

13、s tendency?,22. What are the characteristics of this tendency?,1.3.4 The consequences of the degree of power distance,23. How about children raised in high-PDI cultures?,24. How about students in high-PDI cultures?,Further Reading II High-and Low-Context（高低语境）,2.1 The definition of High- and Low-Con

14、texts,1. What is high-context communication? 2. What is low-context communication?,2.2 The people who hold the respective views,3. Who hold the view of high-context communication? 4. Who hold the view of low-context communication?,2.4 The causes of High- and Low-Contexts,7. What is the cause of high

15、-context communication? 8. What is the cause of low-context communication?,2.3 The characteristics of the respective views 5. What is the characteristic of high-context communication? 6. What is the characteristic of high-context communication?,2.5 Problems and troubles in communication (P.113),9. W

16、hat is the 1st problem in communication?,10. What is the 2nd problem in communication?,2.6 The measures taken to solve the problems.,11. How to solve the problems in intercultural communication?, Empty cans clatter the loudest., Japanese consider credible person as indirect, sympathetic, prudent, fl

17、exible, and humble., As for Americans, credible people seem to be direct, rational, decisive, unyielding, and confident.,The following cases might highlight the differences.,Scene 1,Jane: (Knocks on her neighbors open window): Excuse me, it is 11 oclock already, and your high-pitched opera singing i

18、s really disturbing my sleep. Please stop your gargling (咕咚咕咚漱口声似的) noises immediately! I have an imortant job interview tomorrow morning, and I want to get a good nights sleep. I really need this jop to pay my rent!,Diane: (resentfully):Well , this is the only time I can rehearse my opera! Ive an i

19、mportant audition (技能面试) coming up tomorrow. Youre not the only one that is starving, you know. I also need to pay my rent. Stop being so self-centered!,Jane (frustrated): I really think youre being very unreason-able. If you dont stop your singing right now Imgoing to file a comlaint with the depar

20、tment manager and he could evict,you(驱逐，逐出),In contrast, the following dialogue involving two Japanese house- wives illustrate their use of high-context communication style:,Scene 2,Mrs. A: You daughter has started taking piano lessons, hasnt she? I envy you, because you can be roud of her talent. Y

21、ou must be looking forward to her future as a pianist. Im really impressed by her enthusiasm every day, she practices so hard, for hours and hours, until late at night.,Mrs. B: Oh, no, not at all. She is just a beginner. We dont know her future yet. We hadnt realized that you could hear her playing.

22、 Im so sorry you have been disturbed by her noise.,Translation (P.96) Directions: Read the following carefully and translate it into Chinese., Assignment for Students,Thats all for Chapter 3,Thank you!,Pre-read Reading II of Unit 3Comparing and Contrasting Cultures,1. Human nature orientation What i

23、s the character of innate human nature?,2. Man-nature orientation What is the relation of man to nature?,3. Time orientation What is the temporal focus (time sense ) of human life?,4. Social orientation What is the mode of human relationship?,5. Activity orientation What is the mode of human activit

24、y?,1. Human nature orientation (1) Human nature is evil. What people hold this view? People in cultures that begin with the premise(前提) hold this view. For example: The major premise: All men will die. The minor premise: John is a man. Conclusion: Thus he will die. Islam: 在伊斯蘭教中，人沒有原罪之說，人類犯罪的根源是人的自私

25、、貪婪、嫉妒，這些惡魔的德性存在於人的內心。 Allah was needed, the people thought, to save these “sinners.”, Christianity: original sin However, we are “perfectible.” By following certain rules we can change, improve, and “be saved”. According to this view, with constant hard work, control and self-discipline, we can ach

26、ieve goodness. This is one reason education and training are a part of the American mixture. We can see this “self-help” approach to life in other aspects. Xun Zi：Xun Zi declared that human nature is originally evil because human desires inevitably lead to greed and strife if left untrained. Believi

27、ng that goodness can only be acquired, Xun Zi stressed the value of education and environment.,(2) Human nature can be evil and good., What people hold this view?,Much of Europe holds this view.,Then how do people develop?,People can be trained, how they end up depends on the events in their lives.,

28、(3) Human nature is good., What cultures hold this view?, Buddhism: Buddhism maintains that we are born pure and are closest to what is called “loving kindness” when we enter this world. Hence, people are good, and our culture is what makes us evil., Confucianism Men at their birth (人之初) are natural

29、ly good (性本善); Their natures are much the same (性相近); Their habits become widely different (习相远).,2. Relationship of humankind to nature,(1) Human beings are subject to nature., What does this view mean?,Cultures that hold this orientation believe that the most powerful forces of life are outside th

30、eir control. Whether the force be a god, fate, or magic, a person cannot overcome it and must learn to accept it., What countries hold this view?,(2) Cooperation view,This orientation is found in India and parts of South America., What is the influence of this view?,This “oneness” with the world hel

31、ps create a percep-tual vision of a harmonious world., What does this view mean?,This view affirms that People should, in every way possible, live in harmony with mature., What countries hold this view?,This cooperation view is widespread and is associ-ated with Asians and Native Americans., What is

32、 the influence of this view?,(3) Conquer and direct the forces of nature, What does this view mean?,There is a belief that it is Gods intention for us to make the Earth our private domain., What countries hold this view?,This view is characteristic of the Western approach, especially an American one

33、 which has a long tradition of valuing technology and science over nature., Whats the influence of this view?,There is clear alienation of people from nature.,This view helps create a real harmonious world, that is, “oneness of man and nature”.,3. Time Orientation,(1) Past-orientated cultures, What

34、does this view mean?,These cultures believe strongly in the significance of prior events. History, established religions, and tradition are extre-mely important to these cultures, so there is a strong belief that the past should be the guide for making decision and determining truth., What countries

35、 hold this view?,We see this view in China, which, because of its long and resplendent history, continues to respect the past.,(2) Present-orientated cultures, What does this view mean?,Present-orientated cultures hold that the moment has the most significance. For them, the future is vague, ambiguo

36、us, and unknown and what is real exists in the here and now. For these cultures, enjoyment comes in the resent., What countries hold this view?,People of the Philippines, Mexico, and Latin America usually have these beliefs.,(3) Future-oriented cultures, What does this view mean?,This view emphasize

37、s the future and expect it to be grander and nicer than the present. What is coming next holds the greatest attraction because whatever we are doing is not quite as good as what we could be doing. The future is where happi-ness is to be found., What countries hold this view?,Most Americans hold this

38、 view., What is the influence of this view on Americans?,Americans view of the future makes them optimistic. This is reflected in the common proverb “If at first you dont succeed, try, try, and try again.” This also tell us a lot why Americans all want to wear the most current fashions and to drive a brand new car.,Cases Used to Illustrate the Key Points,Case 1: The Extending Mode of Sentences in English,English-LR: (From left to