要素禀赋与赫克歇尔-俄林理论.ppt

1、Usefulness of the model,The standard theory of international trade,Demand and supply,offer curves,However, Our trade model must be extended in two important directions:,1) to identify the basis for comparative advantage 2) to examine the effect of international trade on the returns, or earnings, of

2、resources or factors of production in the two trading nations,Chapter 5Factor endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin theory,First, we explain the basis of comparative advantage. Second, we analyze the effect that international trade has on the earnings of factors of production in the two trading nations

3、.,The assumption of H-O theory,Commodity price= cost,Equal technology,The basis of comparative advantage,Technology -Factor intensity,We say that commodity Y is capital intensive, if the capital-labor ratio (K/L) used in the production of Y is greater than K/L used in the production of X.,The basis

4、of comparative advantage,For example:,If: f(2K,2L)=1Y, f(1K,4L)=1X Then: K/LY=2/2=1, K/LX=1/4=0.25 Since: K/LYK/LX Then we say: Y is K intensive, and X is L intensive.,The basis of comparative advantage,Exercise 1,If: f(2K,2L)=1Y, f(3K,12L)=1X Then we say: Y is ? Intensive, and X is ? intensive.,The

5、 basis of comparative advantage,Exercise 2:,The basis of comparative advantage,Note that:,Is not the absolute amount, but the comparative amount(capital per unit of labor, K/L) We can use figures to express the factor intensity.,The basis of comparative advantage,Figures of Factor intensity,If: f(2K

6、,2L)=1Y, f(1K,4L)=1X,K/L in Y=1,K/L in X=0.25,. 1Y,. 1X,Y is k intensive, X is L intensive,K/Ly=4, K/Lx=1, then Y is also K intensive, X is L intensive,The basis of comparative advantage,Exercise 3,If: f(6K,4L)=1X, f(1K, 2L)=1Y, f(3K, 12L)=1Z Then, draw the figures to express them?,The basis of comp

7、arative advantage,Supply of factors -Factor abundance,First, in terms of physical units if TK/TL nation2 TK/TL nation1, then we say: Nation 2 is K abundance. Second, in terms of relative factor price if PK/PL nation2 PK/PL nation1, then we say: Nation 2 is K abundance.,The basis of comparative advan

8、tage,Exercise 4,The basis of comparative advantage,To the sum 1:,一个国家拥有的生产要素的相对数量是不同的(Factor abundance)，每个产品在生产过程中使用的生产要素的相对数量也是不同的(Factor intensity )，,The basis of comparative advantage,Factor abundance and Factor intensity & comparative advantage,The basis of comparative advantage,Factor abundance

9、 and Factor intensity & The shape of PPF,If Y is K intensive, and X is L intensive, and if nation 2 is the K-abundance, nation 1 is the L-abundance, What is the shape of PPF in nation 1 and 2?,The basis of comparative advantage,The same preference!,How about the comparative advantage?,The basis of c

10、omparative advantage,To the sum 2:,一国在生产上具有比较优势的产品就是密集的使用其丰裕生产要素的产品 How about the trade patterns?,The basis of comparative advantage,The same preference!,. E,Nation 1 export commodity X, Nation 2 export commodity Y,If Y is K intensive, and X is L intensive, and if nation 2 is the K-abundance, nation

11、 1 is the L-abundance,The basis of comparative advantage,Review:,If: Yk intensive, XL intensive Nation 2 L abundance, Nation 1K abundance Then: How about the trade patterns?,The basis of comparative advantage,Answers:,Nation 1 exports commodity Y and imports commodity X Nation 2 exports commodity X

12、and imports commodity Y,The basis of comparative advantage,The H-O theorem,A nation will export the commodity whose production requires the intensive use of the nations relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodity whose production requires the intensive use of the nations relatively

13、 scarce and expensive factor. 一个国家应该出口那些密集使用其本国充裕生产要素的产品，而进口那些密集使用其本国缺乏生产要素的产品。,The basis of comparative advantage,5.5 factor-price equalization and income distribution,国际贸易对国与国收入分配的影响 国际贸易对一国内部收入分配的影响 短期 中期 长期,Effect in the factor income,充分就业条件下,5.5.1 Factor-price equalization theorem,International

14、 trade will bring about equalization in the relative and absolute returns to (homogeneous) factors across nations. Is also called: H-O-S theorem,Illustration of Factor-price equalization theory,(Pc/Ps)w,(w/r)w,Short run生产要素不能在产业间移动,The demand for export sectors factors will increase, and the income

15、of them will increase, too. While The demand for import sectors factors will decrease, and the income of them will decrease, too Therefore:,Middle term-the specific-factor model只有一种生产要素(L)可以在产业间移动,Immobile factors specific to the nations export commodities or sectors will be benefited specific to th

16、e nations import-competing commodities or sectors will be harmed Mobile factors Trade will have an ambiguous effect on it,Therefore:,long run Stolper-Samuelson theorem两种生产要素都可以在产业间移动,某种要素越是密集的用于出口生产，它便越能够从贸易中获利。相反的，一种要素越是密集的用于可进口商品的生产，它便越容易因贸易而受损。,国际贸易对一国内部收入分配的影响,The difference between long-run and

17、 short-run,relies on the assumption of: factor mobility,5.6 Empirical tests of the H-O model,Empirical results- the Leontief paradox,Wassily W. Leontief (Nobel prize in 1973) utilized the input-output table of the U.S. economy to calculate the K/L in 1951 using U.S. data for the year 1947.,Leontief

18、Paradox,The results of Leontief test were startling: Decrease of $1 million export will release 255万美元,182.3年的劳动时间, (K/L)x=14000美元/年劳动时间 Increase if $1 million import will need 309万美元,170.0年劳动时间, (K/L)m=18200美元/年劳动时间 Leontief statistic=(K/L)x/(K/L)m=1.31 What is the Leontief Paradox?,Explanation of

19、the Leontief paradox,The year 1947 was too close to World War 2. Leontief used a two-factor model U.S. tariff policy protected the L-intensive industries Leontief only used physical capital and ignored human capital factor-intensity reversal and demand reversal,Factor-intensity reversal,Refers to the situation where a given commodity is the L-intensive commodity in the L-