英汉构词法的比较_PPT.ppt

1、A comparison of word formation between English and Chinese,2007级2班 邓晶 2009.11.5,Generally speaking, as society develops, word formation gains its complexity. There are both differences and similarities in word formation between English and Chinese. Hopefully, the comparison of the two languages in w

2、ord formation can be helpful to bilingual learners.,Some ways of word formation in English cannot be found in Chinese language. Such as: derivation, blending, backformation,Derivation,By adding affixes to the existing words, we can create new words.,For example, Rich: If we add a prefix en-, it beco

3、mes a verb enrich If we add a suffix -ness, it becomes a noun richness,Affix,The prefixes are the following: A-/an-: abnormal Dis-: dislike discovery In-: instable indoor impossible immoral Mis-: misunderstanding mistrust Mini-: mini-dog Ex-: ex-husband ex-president Multi-: multiparty multinational

4、multiple,Suffixes: -tive/-ary/-ful/-able/-y/-ish/-less are all to form an adjective -ness/-tion/-sion/-er/-ence are to form a noun,Blending,Blending refers to the process of combining parts of two words to form a third word which contains some of the meaning of each other.,Examples,Smoke+ fog= smog

5、fruit+ juice= fruice Motor+ hotel= motel Modulator+ demodulator= modem Breakfast+ lunch= brunch Communication+ satellite= comsat Helicopter+ airport= heliport,Backformation,Backformation is the making of a new word from an older word which is mistakenly assumed to its derivative.,Examples:,inflectio

6、n,In English, inflection is a common way of word formation to show the grammatical function of a word.,General rules,-s/-es is added to a verb when it is used behind a third person. -ed to a verb when it is to show the past tense or past participle. -s to a noun when it is to indicate the plural for

7、m. -er/-est to an adjective to mean the comparative and the superlative.,Whereas, the above mentioned formations cannot be found in Chinese, despite the argument that in Chinese we sometimes use the same word as a verb and a noun.,Similar word formation:,Compounding, shortening, and conversion,compo

8、unding,Compounding refers to a method or a device of language to form new words by combining together old words. Both in English and Chinese, compounding is widely used as a word formation. It is estimated that about 27% of the English words are formed by this way and more than 80% of the Chinese wo

9、rds are created using this method.,Compounding in English,Phonologically, compounds are recognized by stress pattern and lack of juncture. Semantically, compounds have not the literal meaning of its parts. Syntactically, compounds are single lexiceal units and have specific features.,Examples,N.: sw

10、eetheart babysitter playground cocktail craftsman businessman paper bag dining room V.: download undergo understand badmouth discover reconstructure retail,Adj.: wide-open dark blue homesick manmade heartbroken Special compounds: neo-classical compounds such as: astronaut biography barometer,Compoun

11、ds in Chinese,汉语中的合成词分为三类： 复合式 附加式 重叠式,其中，汉语的附加式与英语中所讲的合成词在构词法上是一样的。因此，可以说，汉语中的合成词的概念比英语中的概念要广泛一些。,复合式,联合型或叫并列式：由两个意义相同，相近或相关词根组成。 如： 途径 体制 价值 关闭 骨肉 尺寸 国家 动静 质量,偏正型：前一词根修饰限制后一词根。 如： 秘制 蜡黄 火红 游记 新潮 壁纸 补充型: 提高 车辆 马皮 人口 羊群 动宾型： 司机 管家 站岗 投资 失业 注意 有限,重叠式,由两个相同的词根相叠而成 如： 姐姐 哥哥 妹妹 刚刚 仅仅 缝缝补补 风风火火,附加式,前加式：即

12、英语中的加前缀 如，老王 老哥 老爸 老乡 小王 小李 小子 后加式：即加后缀 如，刀子 瓶子 胖子 瘦子 石头 木头 念头 苦头 作者 读者 维护者 支持者,shortening,Shortening is an usual method of word formation both in English and Chinese. According to Crystal, shortening is a major feature of written language.,Shortening in English,There are all together two kinds of s

13、hortening: Clipping Initialism alphabetisms acronyms,clipping,Clipping is a common way of shortening a longer word. It is the process by which a word of usually three or more syllables is shortened without a change in meaning or function.,Examples,Helicopter -copter Examination-exam Refrigerator -fr

14、idge Public house-pub Popular song singer-pop singer Telescope-scope Dormitory-dorm,Initialisms,Initialisms are the results of putting together the initial letters of the orthographic word in a phrase and using them as words. It can be sub-divided into two： alphabetisms: pronounced with the name of the letters in them. acronyms: pronounced like an individual word.,Shortening in Chinese,略语是语言中经过压缩和省略的词语。 一般可以讲其分成两类： 简称 数词缩略,简称,即较复杂的名词的简化形式 如： 两个语素： 家用电器-家电