法律英语第四课JudicialSystem.ppt

1、2020/9/9,法律英语,1,Lesson Four,Judicial System,2020/9/9,法律英语,2,Good order is the foundation of all things. E.Burke, British statesman 良好的秩序是一切的基础。 英国政治家 伯克 E,2020/9/9,法律英语,3,Background,美国司法制度的特点： 贯彻三权分立的原则，实行司法独立； 法院组织分为联邦和地方两大系统； 联邦最高法院享有特殊的司法审查权。,2020/9/9,法律英语,4,State and Federal Courts,Throughout th

2、e United States there are two judicial systems. One system consists of state and local courts established under the authority of the state governments. The other is the Supreme Court and the federal court system, created by Congress under the authority of the Constitution of the United States.,2020/

3、9/9,法律英语,5,美国联邦法院,2020/9/9,法律英语,6,2020/9/9,法律英语,7,The U.S. Supreme Court Building in Washington D. C.,2020/9/9,法律英语,8,The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 美国联邦巡回法庭的上诉法庭,2020/9/9,法律英语,9,美国州法院,州最高法院终审上诉法院上诉法院中级上诉法院初审法院,州最高法院 初审法院,2020/9/9,法律英语,10,Superior Courts of Georgia 州高等法院,

4、2020/9/9,法律英语,11,2020/9/9,法律英语,12,美国的法官,联邦和州最高法院的法官 大法官，justice 上诉法院和审判法院的法官 法官，judge 基层法院的审判人员 治安法官，justice of the peace 司法官，magistrate,2020/9/9,法律英语,13,Part 1: Courts,Fifty-two separate court systems in the U.S. 52个独立的法院系统,Fifty states,District of Columbia,Federal court system,2020/9/9,法律英语,14,The

5、 federal courts are not superior to the state courts; they are an independent, coordinate system authorized by the US. Constitution, 联邦法院不凌驾于州法院之上；它们是由美国宪法授权的独立、并列的系统。,2020/9/9,法律英语,15,Federalism 联邦制度,The presence of two parallel court system often raises questions concerning the relationship of the

6、 state and federal systems, presenting important issues of federalism. 两种并列的法院系统的存在经常带来州与联邦系统关系的问题，提出了重要的联邦制度问题。,2020/9/9,法律英语,16,The U.S. Supreme Court,The U.S. Supreme Court, compose of nine justices, sits as the final and controlling voice over all these systems. 美国联邦最高法院由9个大法官组成，对全部这些法律体系有最终的控制性

7、的发言权。,2020/9/9,法律英语,17,Two-tiered system 两级审判制Nebraska 内布拉斯加,Three-tiered system 三级审判制,Trial court初审法院,Two levels of appeal两级上诉,Any litigant,2020/9/9,法律英语,18,In the federal system,Trial court(初审法院) the U.S. District Court (94) 美国地区法院 Intermediate appellate courts The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fe

8、deral Circuit 美国联邦巡回法院的上诉法院(11+2) The U.S. Supreme Court 美国最高法院,哥伦比亚特区上诉法院 联邦特别法院的巡回法院,2020/9/9,法律英语,19,11 districts,2020/9/9,法律英语,20,Various specialized tribunals,US Bankruptcy Court, US Armed Forces Court of Appeals, US Court of International Trade, US Tax Court， US Claims Court,2020/9/9,法律英语,21,E

9、ach court of appeals has four or more judges who sit in panels of three to review district court decisions, as well as some decisions of administrative agencies. 每个上诉法院都有4个或更多法官，他们组成3人小组，审议地区法院的裁决和行政机关的一些决定。,2020/9/9,法律英语,22,A losing litigant in the court of appeals may, in some cases, be able to ob

10、tain review by the United States Supreme Court. 在上诉法院败诉的诉讼人有时可以取得美国联邦最高法院的复审。,2020/9/9,法律英语,23,Cases in the state courts,2020/9/9,法律英语,24,Since 1988, review by the Supreme Court in civil cases is discretionary; virtually all civil appeals as of right to the highest court have been abolished. 从1988年开

11、始，最高法院对民事案件的复审有决定权；实际上，所有民事案件都作为权利而上诉到最高法院的作法已经被废除了。,2020/9/9,法律英语,25,The highest court play different role,California Only criminal cases in which capital punishment has been imposed are appealable to the state supreme.,New york A great of many cases are appealable to the states highest court.,2020

12、/9/9,法律英语,26,In the federal courts, except in a few very limited circumstances, appeals to the United States Supreme Court are discretionary, by writ of certiorari. 在联邦法院，除了极个别情况外，通过调案复审令，向美国最高法院的上诉是自由决定的。,2020/9/9,法律英语,27,The court 联邦最高法院,Decides what are the most important questions that deserve i

13、ts attention . 哪些是值得其关注的最重要的问题。 Will refuse to review decisions raising issues that it feels are not as crucial. 将拒绝复审它认为不是至关重要问题的裁决。,2020/9/9,法律英语,28,It supervises the administration of law by the lower courts on an ad hoc basis. 联邦最高法院按照特殊的原则监督较低层次法院对法律的管理。,2020/9/9,法律英语,29,In New York,Appeals to

14、the states highest courtare as right in a great many cases provided for by statute. 在纽约等州，将各种案件上诉到州最高法院是法律赋予的权利。,Assure that cases are correctly decided,2020/9/9,法律英语,30,Part 2:Judges,Fewer than 1/20 - federal ,state, county, municipal court judge 在从事法律职业的人中，不到1/20的人担任联邦、州、县和市法院的法官。 Be required to b

15、e admitted to practice but do not practice while on the bench. 被要求具有开业律师资格，但在担任法官期间不得开业。,2020/9/9,法律英语,31,Three salient characteristics,The ranks from which judges are drawn 提拔法官的队伍 The method of their selection 挑选律师的方法 Their tenure 律师的任期,2020/9/9,法律英语,32,Judges are drawn from the practicing bar, le

16、ss frequently from government service or the teaching profession. 法官主要从执业律师中选拔，很少从政府公务员或教师中选拔。,2020/9/9,法律英语,33,The outstanding young law graduates who act for a year or two as law clerks to the most distinguished judges of the federal and state courts have only the reward of the experience to take

17、with them into practice and not the promise of a judicial career. 那些杰出的年轻法学毕业生，作为为联邦和州法院最著名的法官工作了一两年的法律职员，只是获得了实践经验的报偿，而没有得到从事司法职业的承诺。,2020/9/9,法律英语,34,It is not uncommon for a vacancy on a higher court to be filled by a judge from a lower court, even this cannot be said to be the rule. 较高级别法院的空缺由较低

18、级别法院的法官来填补，在美国并非罕见，但这并不是惯例。,2020/9/9,法律英语,35,The legal profession is not entirely unaware of the advantages of a career judiciary, but it is generally thought that they are outweighed by the experience and independence which American lawyers bring to the bench. 法律界并非没有意识到职业法官的优势，但人们普遍认为，法官优势被过高地估计，原

19、因在于美国律师成为法官的经历和自主性。,2020/9/9,法律英语,36,Many of the outstanding judges of the countrys highest courts have had no prior judicial experience. 美国最高法院中有许多杰出的法官没有以前当法官的经历。,2020/9/9,法律英语,37,State court,State court judges are usually elected, commonly by popular vote, but occasionally by the legislature. 州法院

20、法官一般由公众投票选举产生，偶尔由立法机关任命。 The public lacks interest in and information on the candidates for judicial office 公众缺乏对法官候选人的兴趣和信息 The outcome is controlled by leaders of political parties. 结果往往被政党领袖所控制。,2020/9/9,法律英语,38,情况有所改变,Many local bar association have undertaken to evaluate the qualification of ca

21、ndidates and to support or oppose them on this basis. 许多地方律师协会承担评价候选人资格的责任，并在此基础上支持或反对候选人。,2020/9/9,法律英语,39,The substitution of a system,The governor appoints judges from a list submitted by a special nominating board 由地方长官从特别提名委员会提交的名单中任命法官。 The judge then periodically stands unopposed for reelecti

22、on by popular vote on the basis of his or her record. 此后法官要定期以自己的实绩为基础，接受没有竞争对手的公民投票选举，以获得连任。,2020/9/9,法律英语,40,In a small group of states,Judges are appointed by the governor and subject to legislative confirmation. 在少数州，法官由地方长官任命，并由立法机关批准。,2020/9/9,法律英语,41,Federal judges,Appointed by the President

23、subject to confirmation by the Senate. 由总统任命，参议院批准。 Political influence 政治影响 Appointees are usually of the Presidents or governors own party. 被任命者往往是总统或地方长官的亲信。,2020/9/9,法律英语,42,Federal judiciary,Names of candidates for the federal judiciary are submitted to a committee of the American Bar Associati

24、on and appointment is usually made only with its approval. 联邦法官候选人名单要提交到美国律师协会委员会，只有获得其同意才能进行任命。,2020/9/9,法律英语,43,Chief judge or chief justice,Be filled among the members of the court by rotation, by seniority of service, or by vote of the judges. 首席法官从法官中产生，可以通过轮换、依据服务资历或法官选举产生。,2020/9/9,法律英语,44,Te

25、nure 任期,Judges commonly serve for a term of years rather than for life. 法官通常有任期年限，而不是终身制。,2020/9/9,法律英语,45,Return to office for sitting judges whose service has been satisfactory. 那些工作令人满意的现任法官能连任 In a few state and federal courts, the judges sit for life. 在少数州和联邦法院，法官是终身制的。,2020/9/9,法律英语,46,A judge

26、 may be removed from office 法官可能被免职,Only for gross misconduct 重大失误,Only by formal proceedings 正规程序,2020/9/9,法律英语,47,The independence of the judiciary is also encouraged by the rule that a judge incurs no civil liability for judicial acts, even if guilty of fraud and corruption. 司法独立受到以下规则的鼓励，即法官的司法行

27、为不承担民事责任，即使出现了诈骗和贪污犯罪。,2020/9/9,法律英语,48,The American Bar Associations code of Judicial Conduct 美国律师协会的“法官行为守则”,To which judges are expected to adhere律师应该遵守的准则,2020/9/9,法律英语,49,Code of Judicial Conduct,1. A judge shall uphold the integrity and independence of the judiciary. 2. A judge shall avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety in all of the judges activities. 3. A judge shall perform the duties of judicial office impartially and diligently.,2020/9/9,法律英语,50,4.