summary writing 英语作文写作技巧

1、summary writing,chapter 5,objectives,give an appropriate definition for a summary know the characteristics of a good summary learn the techniques in summary writing learn the steps in summary writing practice,i. what is a summary?,a summary is a shortened passage, which retains the essential informa

2、tion of the original. it is a fairly brief restatement - in your own words -of the contents of a passage. note: you simply report back what the writer has said, without making value judgments.,ii. characteristics of a good summary,can be understood without reference to the original; is a faithful re

3、production of, or contains only the ideas or information of, the original; is brief without any unnecessary detail; is a readable unified whole,iii. techniques in summary writing,paraphrasing to paraphrase means to completely and correctly express other peoples ideas in ones own words.,examples:,1.

4、youve cooked us all a hot potato. (a troublesome person or issue) 2. prevention is better than cure. （预防胜于治疗。） (it is better to prevent something unpleasant from happening than try to put it right afterwards.),it helps us understand the original better. it helps us grasp the central idea and the mai

5、n points. it helps us write summaries that are brief and to the point, and in our own words.,the importance of paraphrasing,read the original carefully and comprehend its meaning wholly and correctly. consider the original article as a whole, not in isolated sentences.,steps of paraphrasing,1. first

6、, try to find the main idea in the reading; its usually in the first paragraph. next, skim through the article, glancing at any headings and graphics. then, read the conclusion. the intent here is both to give yourself a review of the work and t o effectively engage yourself with it.,iii. techniques

7、 in summary writing,2. then go back and read the original text carefully, jotting down（草草记下） notes on or highlighting the important points. write the central idea and the authors reasons (purpose and intent) for holding this viewpoint. note the supporting elements the author uses to explain or back

8、up her/his main information or claim.,3. make an outline that includes the main idea and the supporting details. arrange your information in a logical order, for example, most to least important or chronological. your order need not be the same as that in the original, but keep related supporting po

9、ints together. the way you organize the outline may serve as a model for how you divide and write the essay.,4. write the summary, making sure to state the authors name in the first sentence. present the main idea, followed by the supporting points. the remainder of your summary should focus on how

10、the author supports, defines, and/or illustrates that main idea. remember, unless otherwise stated by your instructor, a summary should contain only the authors views, so try to be as objective as possible.,5. as you revise and edit your summary, compare it to the original and ask yourself questions

11、 such as: have i rephrased the authors words without changing their meaning? have i restated the main idea and the supporting points accurately and in my own words?,6. if you are asked to write a critical summary or to include a critique, you may want to ask yourself questions such as: does the auth

12、or succeed? how and why or why not? what are the strengths, weaknesses? why? what did the author do well? not well? why?,1. use synonyms or synonymous phrases he had a good command of english. (he knew english well.) 2. change the structure of simple sentences my brother has an appreciation of moder

13、n art. (my brother appreciates modern art.),ways of condensation,3. turn complex sentences into simple sentences he received a welcome that was as cold as ice. (he received an icy welcome.) 4. combine the sentences hurry up. if you dont, youll miss the train. (hurry up or youll miss the train.),writ

14、e a summary on how to manage your finances when youre away from home, your parents expect you to be responsible for yourself and this includes taking care of your own finances. to manage your money sensibly, you need a plan to work with. write down your allowance and expenses for the month. what you

15、 are doing is actually budgeting your income. make sure that you set aside a small amount for your savings. one way of cutting cost is eating in. it is cheaper than eating out. moreover, by cooking your own meals, you have greater control over,what you eat. besides that, if you know of friends who l

16、ive in the same area as you, you might want to consider driving to college together. this saves on petrol and parking. in addition, when you shop for household items, compare prices from one shop to another before making your purchase. if you can, wait for sales when you can get better discounts. ho

17、wever, sales where prices are marked down incredibly can sometimes tempt you to buy things which you dont really need. therefore, be careful and dont give in to temptation. your summary must : * not be more than 60 words, including the 10 words given below： to manage your money sensibly, you must fi

18、rst start with .,answer：to manage your money sensibly, you must first start with a plan. write out your budget and put aside a set amount for savings. you can save money by eating in and carpooling. besides that, before buying household items, compare prices first. if possible, wait for sales but do

19、 not be tempted to buy what you do not need. ( 59 words ),write a summary on how we can attract more tourists to our country one of the many sources of revenue for the country is tourism. malaysia has lots to offer the world. we have beautiful beaches, lush jungles, cool mountain retreats and modern

20、 cities. however, to further capitalize on tourism, there are a few areas that must be looked into. firstly, we must expose people from foreign countries to what we can offer. we can do this by holding exhibitions overseas. organizers of such exhibitions can offer a glimpse into what we have in our

21、country. they can offer attractive four packages that would definitely lure tourists here. the mass media too can play an important role. the internet, television and the newspaper offer an alternative mode of advertising the country to the world. besides that, newspapers and television can be used

22、to show the world the wonders found in our country.,on the homeground, multiethnic cultural shows can be presented to woo foreign tourists to the country. people who come from other countries would definitely like to see the different cultural and traditional practices here. however, what is most im

23、portant is to make sure that the facilities in our country, like public transport and accommodation, are of a reasonable and respectable standard. this is to ensure a pleasant and memorable stay for our visitors. your summary must :* not be more than 60 words, including the 10 words given below:ther

24、e are many ways of attracting tourists to our country .,answer：there are many ways of attracting tourists to our country. for one, we can organize exhibitions abroad. through these fairs, we can offer attractive tour packages. besides that, the mass media plays an important role in promoting malaysi

25、as holiday destinations. in malaysia itself, we can hold cultural shows. most importantly, we must ensure that our facilities are up to standard. ( 60 words ),chapter six,composing essays,part one: how to write an outline,1. what is it? an outline is a general plan of the material that is to be pres

26、ented in a speech or a paper. the outline shows the order of the various topics, the relative importance of each, and the relationship between the various parts.,2. order in an outline there are many ways to arrange the different parts of a subject. sometimes, a chronological arrangement works well.

27、 at other times, a spatial arrangement is best suited to the material. the most common order in outlines is to go from the general to the specific. this means you begin with a general idea and then support it with specific examples.,3. thesis statement of summarizing sentence all outlines should beg

28、in with a thesis statement of summarizing sentence. this thesis sentence presents the central idea of the paper. it must always be a complete, grammatical sentence, specific and brief, which expresses the point of view you are taking towards the subject. 4. types of outlines the two main types of ou

29、tlines are the topic outline and the sentence outline. in the topic outline, the headings are given in single words or brief phrases. in the sentence outline, all the headings are expressed in complete sentences.,examples,topic outline choices in college and after thesis: the decisions i have to mak

30、e in choosing college courses, depend on larger questions i am beginning to ask myself about my lifes work. i. two decisions described a. art history or chemistry 1. professional considerations 2. personal considerations b. a third year of french? 1. practical advantages of knowing a foreign languag

31、e 2. intellectual advantages 3. the issue of necessity,ii. definition of the problem a. decisions about occupation b. decisions about a kind of life to lead iii. temporary resolution of the problem a. to hold open a professional possibility: chemistry b. to take advantage of cultural gains already m

32、ade: french,sentence outline choices in college and after thesis: the decisions i have to make in choosing college courses, depend on larger questions i am beginning to ask myself about my lifes work. i. i have two decisions to make with respect to choosing college courses in the immediate future. a

33、. one is whether to elect a course in art history or in chemistry. 1. one time in my life, i planned to be a chemical engineer professionally. 2. on the other hand, i enjoy art and plan to travel and see more of it.,b. the second decision is whether to continue a third year of french beyond the basi

34、c college requirement. 1. french might be useful both in engineering and travel. 2. furthermore, i am eager to read good books which are written in french. 3. how necessary are these considerations in the light of other courses i might take instead? ii. my problem can be put in the form of a dilemma

35、 involving larger questions about my whole future.,a. on the one hand i want to hold a highly-trained position in a lucrative（有利可图的） profession. b. on the other hand i want to lead a certain kind of life, with capacities for values not connected with the making of money. iii. i will have to make a d

36、ecision balancing the conflicting needs i have described. a. i will hold open the professional possibilities by electing chemistry. b. i will improve and solidify what cultural proficiency in another language i have already gained, by electing french.,part two: main parts of a composition,introducti

37、on (beginning)(p.133) body (middle) conclusion (end) 1. introduction paragraph it introduces the main idea of your essay. a good opening paragraph captures the interest of your reader and tells why your topic is important.,how to write an introduction paragraph? 1. write the thesis statement. the ma

38、in idea of the essay is stated in a single sentence called the thesis statement. you must limit your entire essay to the topic you have introduced in your thesis statement. 2. provide some background information about your topic. you can use interesting facts, quotations, or definitions of important

39、 terms you will use later in the essay.,example:,(1) hockey has been a part of life in canada for over 120 years. it has evolved into an extremely popular sport watched and played by millions of canadians. (2) the game has gone through several changes since hockey was first played in canada. (1)back

40、ground (2)thsis statement,2. the body (middle or supporting paragraphs) how to write them? 1. list the points that develop the main idea of your essay. 2. place each supporting point in its own paragraph. 3. develop each supporting point with facts, details, and examples. to connect your supporting

41、paragraphs, you should use special transition words. transition words link your paragraphs together and make your essay easier to read. use them at the beginning and end of your paragraphs.,3. conclusion (end) it summarizes or restates the main idea of the essay. you want to leave the reader with a

42、sense that your essay is complete. how do i write one? 1. restate the strongest points of your essay that support your main idea. 2. conclude your essay by restating the main idea in different words. 3. give your personal opinion or suggest a plan for action.,example: overall, the changes that occur

43、red in hockey have helped to improve the game. hockey is faster and more exciting as a result of changes in the past 120 years. for these reasons, modern hockey is a better game than hockey in the 1890s.,part three: types of writing,1. the descriptive essay a. description of object or place b. descr

44、ibing a sequence of events. c. describing a process d. describing and explaining,a. description of object or place describe essays require you to state the appearance of something, or to state the major characteristics of it. note the word state i.e. you are not asked to comment on the subject or to

45、 give your personal point of view on it. questions are often introduced by:describe, narrate,tell plan: introduction of major aspects of the subject. description of aspect a , description of aspect b. conclusion,language position, weight, structure, colour, composition, size, shape, function positio

46、n,a is,adjacent to, alongside, below, beyond,facing (diagonally), parallel to, underneath, opposite, in the middle of, on the right of, on the left of, near, close to, touching, behind, in front of, under, on top of, above, below, level with, diagonally above, vertically below,b,between, equidistant

47、 from,a is,b and c,structure,x is,nailed, screwed, fixed, fastened, linked, tied, welded, connected, attached,to y by z,held in place, secured, supported, suspended,x is,by y,x is,joined to, mounted on, placed on, pivoted on,y,x,consist of, contains, includus,y and z,colour,x is,darklightpalebrightd

48、ull,green.blue.red.yellow.,square, round, rectangular, triangular, semi-circular, conical, spherical, hexagonal, octagonal, oval, circular, irregular,x is,in shape,shape,x is shaped like a,square, circle, rectangle,triangle, semi-circle,hexagon, octagon,x is,diamond-shaped, kidney-shaped, u-shaped,s

49、tar-shaped, bell-shaped, dome-shaped,mushroom-shaped, x-shaped, crescent-shaped,egg-shaped, pear-shaped, y-shaped,function,the function/purpose/aim/objectiveof the thermometer/tripod is to measure the temperature/ hold the beaker（烧杯）.,the thermometer/tripod is used for measuring the temperature/ hol

50、ding the beaker.,examples,1. the fist place i visited was tian an men square, the symbol of country. standing in the middle of the square, i had a unique feeling which is quite different from the pictures which television showings i had seen before ! it is the largest square in the world. around it

51、there are the great hall of people, the great museum of chinese history and the memorial hall of chairman mao. 按空间顺序对进行了“tian an men square” 由内向外的详细描写，从“in the middle”到“around it”，这样描写逻辑很有条理。,2. on the fifth day after the vacation, it started snowing. everywhere was white, so in the evening my siste

52、r and i decided to play in the snow in the nearby park the next day. the next morning i got up early and dressed myself quickly. my sister had prepared the breakfast . at half past ten we arrived at the park. many people there were playing snow ball fights. we joined them.after that, we made a big a

53、nd funny snowman. at noon, we felt hungry. i took out bread and peanuts and began to eat. the sunlight became stronger, and the snowman began to melt. before we returned home, we were pleased to have had a good time in the park. 本文记叙了放假第六天发生的事，“早晨”、“十点半”、“此后”、“中午”、“晚饭前”等表示时间顺序的过渡词的妙用，使读者对整段内容“一目了然”。

54、,b. describing a sequence of events. describing a sequence of events is simply telling a story. state clearly when events happened or how one event caused another. questions may be introduced by: give an account of., trace., examine developments in. plan:intoduction first situation then a happened t

55、hen b happened final situation conclusion,language past tense is common. chronological order is also common, but when we are writing about past events, it is necessary to be explicit about the order in which things happened. to make the order clear, we mention dates and time, and we also use various

56、 links and connectives.,sequence before before he was offered a job as a lecturer, he had finished his research. before this, for the previous x years, prior to this, previously, x years previously, before before which prior to which ,after when/as soon as/afterhe had finished his research, he was o

57、ffered a job as a lecturer.on finishing his research,/after finishing his research, /having finished his research,/on finishing his research, he was offered a job as a lecturer. for the following x years, x years later, after following this, when subsequently, soon/shortly/immediately afterwards, fo

58、llowing which after which ,while while he was doing his research, /when doing his research,/ while doing his research, /during his research, he made an important discovery. during this period, throughout this period, during which throughout which,c. describing a process this is like telling a story

59、but here the connections between the facts must be clearly shown and explained. group the events into steps or stages. examples of such questions are : explain/what is the connection between. describe the procedures by which. plan:definition of process(main equipment /main steps) step one step two step three conclusion (summary of process),language sequence common words include:,firstly, first of all, the first step is, to begin with,. initially. ,beforehand, before this, previously, prior to this, earlie