科技论文写作

1、科技論文寫作,Research in Technology,科技(Technology) 研究(Research) 寫作(Writing),Whats Technology ?,Manufacturing,Communication,Construction,Transportation,？,Bio-Tech,Power & Energy,Whats Research?,Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research by John W. Cressw

2、ell (2002),Manufacturing,Communication,Construction,Transportation,Discussion ？,Bio-Tech,Power & Energy,一、Discussion is：,Why is research important? What are problems worth researching? What is educational research? What steps are required for research? What ethical issues should we consider when con

3、ducting research? What special skills do you have that will help you become an excellent researcher?,二、Research is：,Empirical: derived from sense experience. We can experience it within our mortal existence Systematic in process. Use the scientific method to ensure systematic process Valid: Truthful

4、 Reliable: Can be repeated,二、 8-Characteristics of Research ：,Asks an important question The study is goal directed-there is a clear purpose for the activity There is a research design-plan of action There are operational questions It is guided by a problem statement and research questions It accept

5、s critical assumptions Data is collected and interpreted The study can be replicated to verify findings,三、 Quantitative and Qualitative,Quantitative = counting, numbers Qualitative = watching, listening, understanding, words One study can collect both types of data, called mixed-methods design. Typi

6、cally, the researcher will choose one paradigm and become a master of that method.,Two Paradigms, Two Worldviews,(1). Important People in Quantitative Research,Thorndike (1900) Campbell and Stanley (1963) Kerlinger (1964) Cook and Campbell (1979) Lipsey (1990),(2). Vocabulary for Quantitative Paradi

7、gm,Experiment Quasi-experiment Correlation Descriptive Survey Control Treatment Subject,Statistics Empirical,(3). Important People in Qualitative Research,Guba and Lincoln (1988) Strauss & Corbin (1990) Patton (1990) Cresswell (1994) Stake (1995) Weitzman & Miles (1995) Miles & Huberman (1994) Denzi

8、n & Lincoln (2002),(4). Vocabulary for the Qualitative Paradigm,Naturalistic inquiry Constructivism Looking for meaning of event that people hold Within context Holistic,(5). What Paradigm Do I Choose?,Your research question drives your method Choose the best method for answering your research quest

9、ion Choose the methods that best suits your values and skills,(6-1). Choosing the best paradigm for your study,Does your problem require description or exploration? Is there a lot already known about your problem or is this a new frontier? Do you want to get a specific and narrow view of your proble

10、m or a broad perspective?,(6-2). Choosing the best paradigm for your study,Do you have predetermined instruments or will your protocol emerge as you progress through the study? Will you use statistical analysis or text analysis? Will you report your results using a standard protocol or will you writ

11、e in the first person using emerging themes and narrative style?,(7). Quantitative Data Collection,Quantitative research requires a specific protocol for collecting data. Protocol is specified in advance of any data collection and does not change once the study has begun. Population and sample shoul

12、d be large, more than 30. The larger the better.,(8). Qualitative Data Collection,Data collection protocols are determined before the study, but open to change as needed. Emergent design. Data is words, actions, texts, documents, conversations, media, photographs. Number of sample is small but meani

13、ngful. Purposive sampling. Each person is chosen specifically because s/he can bring a unique perspective to the study.,(9). Instruments,Quantitative Paper and pencil Standardized tests Surveys,Qualitative You are the instrument Eyes Ears Hands,(10). Data Analysis,Quantitative Statistical analysis D

14、escribe trends, compare groups, relate variables Compare your results with past research,Qualitative Text analysis Describe themes and patterns Determine meaning for the group,(11). Reporting Research,Quantitative Introduction Review of literature Methods Findings Summary, conclusions, recommendatio

15、ns, implications References,Qualitative Story telling narrative Descriptive and thematic development Reflexivity, researchers voice enters the story Written to give reader a thick, rich description of the case so that s/he feels immersed in the context of the study Variable format, no strict rules f

16、or presentation of research, creativity is encouraged,8 Research Designs: A Short Introduction,The protocol for conducting your study,(1-1). Experimental Designs,Two randomly selected groups that are similar Controlled setting One group is manipulated (given a treatment) The other is not given anyth

17、ing (control) Two groups are compared for differences in outcomes R O X O R O - O,(1-2). Quasi-Experimental Designs,Two non-randomly selected groups that are similar Controlled setting One group is manipulated (given a treatment) The other is not given anything (control) Two groups are compared for

18、differences in outcomes G O X O G O - O,(2). Correlational Design,What is the relationship between two variables within one group? Use correlational statistic to calculate relationship. R = a number between zero and 1. (0 1) R value would be stated as a percent. (%) If the r = 1.0 there is a 100% re

19、lationship between A and B. (A/B= 100%),(3). Survey Design,Describe trends in large populations Describe attitudes, behaviors, opinions, or characteristics of the population Make claims about trends in the population Typically in pencil and paper survey Can be telephone survey or face-to-face oral s