英国社会与文化第二章阅读提纲

1、Unit 2 Northern Ireland,I. Physical Features of Northern Ireland,II. Pursuits of Irish Independence,Background From 1801 to 1920, the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Britain, and the full name of UK was “ the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”. The Irish desired for

2、 an independent State,2 Home Rule Bill(自治法案） 1) “Home Rule” refers to a campaign for Irish control of Irish affairs. 2) Three “ Home Rule Bill” were put forward to the British parliament in 1886, 1892 and 1912 respectively. The former two were both rejected.,3) The third “ Home Rule Bill” was passed

3、 in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.,3。 The Easter Rising of 1916 the rebels occupied Dublins Post Office and forced the British to retake the Home Rule by military force. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the Briti

4、sh authorities.,4. Important Figures 1) IRA: Irish Republican Army in 1919, IRA members expanded fighting against British government 2) IRA was set up in 1919 by the Sinn Fein party(新芬党）,Split of IRA in 1969 A： the Official IRA(官方派）: concentrate on a political process and run candidate for elections

5、. B. the Provisional IRA( 临时派） believe armed force was the only way to get the British out. It is this group that continued the conflict for the last 30 years and it is them that are usually referred to by talk about the IRA.,2) The Sinn Fein party It supported the Irish terrorists. In the parliamen

6、tary election of 1918, the Sinn Fein party gained most of the Irish seats in the British parliament, making the Irish independence inevitable.,5. Results 1) in 1921, the Anglo-Irish Treaty(爱英条约）was signed. The treaty said that the southern 26 counties would form an independent “free state”, while th

7、e 6 north-eastern counties would remain a part of the UK, bringing to an end 700 years of British rule in southern Ireland,2) Northern Ireland was given its own Parliament to deal with Northern Irish internal affairs, based at Stormont.,Reasons: R1: Colonization R2: Religious conflict R3: Oppression

8、 on Roman Catholics,III. Conflicts within Northern Ireland,2. The troubles （ 北爱尔兰问题） 1) 1960s 2) 1970s 3) Bloody Sunday 4)“ the Bullet and the Ballot Box”(暴力与民主手段）,3. Attempts to dissolve conflicts 1) The Power-sharing mechanism in 1973 (权力分享机制） 2) The Anglo-Irish agreement in 1985(爱英条约） 3) IRA declared a ceasefire in 1994 4) The Good Friday agreement in 1998(北爱尔兰和平协议）,4. Results: Northern Ireland then became the only country in the world which is recognized as an independent entity but which is governed by three separate