国际法双语课件6 Law of the Sea

1、第五章 国际海洋法The International Law of the Sea,第一节 概念及历史发展 Concept, Historical development, Codification 第二节 内水、领海及毗连区 Internal waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone 第三节用于国际航行的海峡、群岛水域 Straits Used for International Navigation, Archipelagic Waters 第四节 专属经济区、大陆架 The Exclusive Economic Zone, Continental

2、Shelf 第五节 公海 The High Sea 第六节 国际海底区域 The International Seabed Area,Chapter 5,The sea is the vast area of salty water covering the surface of the earth. The sea is so important in history, in present time and in the future to the whole international community because of the following reasons: (1) Hug

3、e area. the sea covers 70% of the surface of the earth. (2) Natural resources.,(3) Important waterway. The sea is the important waterway through which international commerce and trade may be conducted. (4) Scientific researches and explorations. (5) Military Significance.,第5章 第一节 概念及历史发展Concept, His

4、torical development, Codification,一、Definition The law of the sea is the body of rules, regulations governing the relations of the states in respect of the marine territory subject to coastal state jurisdiction and those areas of the sea and seabed beyond any national jurisdiction. 二、 The Law of the

5、 Sea - History The development of the law of the sea cannot be separated from the development of international law in general.,第5章 第一节 概念及历史发展Concept, Historical development, Codification,（一）海洋共有论-joint ownership of the sea 在欧洲古代和中世纪的前半叶，海洋被认为是共有之物，海洋航行是完全自由的。 （二）海洋分割论-maritime sovereignty 中世纪后半叶 Gr

6、eat geographical discoveries In the 15th and 16th centuries claims were laid by the powerful maritime states, especially Portugal and Spain, to the exercise of sovereignty over vast portions of the seas. Portugal claimed maritime sovereignty over the whole of the Indian Ocean and a very big part of

7、the Atlantic. Spain claimed rights over the Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico. The division of the seas and oceans between Spain and Portugal by the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas was approved by the Pope. 商业垄断权，教皇子午线,第5章 第一节 概念及历史发展Concept, Historical development, Codification,（三）海洋自由论与海洋分割论的并立 In opposit

8、ion to the principle of maritime sovereignty, the principle of the freedom of the seas began to develop. The freedom of the high seas was seen to correspond to the general interests of all states, particularly as regards freedom of commerce between nations. Grotius (1583-1645) ，being regarded as the

9、 father of the law of the sea as well，was one of the first to attack claims to sovereignty over high seas. In his Mare Liberum m:reilibrm (The Freedom of the Seas), published in 1609, Grotius articulated the principle of the freedom of the seas, meaning that the sea should be free and open to use by

10、 all countries. His argument was based on two grounds: No sea or ocean can be the property of a nation because it is impossible for any nation effectively to take it into possession by occupation. Nature does not give a right to anybody to appropriate things that may be used by everybody and inexhau

11、stible.,第5章 第一节 概念及历史发展Concept, Historical development, Codification,Selden s work Mare Clausum (1635), a defense of Englands right to sovereignty over the seas between that country and the Continent, was written in response to Hugo Grotiuss Mare Liberum. 英国君主对英伦三岛周围的海域有占有和控制权，反对格老秀斯的海洋自由主张。 由于海洋自由原

12、则适应了各国航行贸易的需要，最终还是被各国接受了。与此同时，领海制度也得到了公认。,John Selden ，15841654, English jurist and scholar. He studied at Oxford, was called to the bar in 1612, and was elected to Parliament in 1623. His Englands Epinomis and Jani Anglorum (1610) established him as the father of legal antiquarianism ,ntikwrinizm 古

13、物研究.,第5章 第一节 概念及历史发展Concept, Historical development, Codification,三、The Law of the Sea - Sources,Customary law International treaties 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas 1774 Russia Turkey on Perpetual Peace and Amity 1815 Act of the Congress of Vienna 维也纳会议 1884 Paris Convention for the Protection of Submar

14、ine Cables 1888 Convention on the Free Navigation of the Suez Canal 1903 Panama USA Convention for the Construction of a Ship Canal 1907 Convention concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval Warfare 海战 1907 Convention relative to the Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines 禁止敷设没

15、有系缆的自动触发水雷 1910 Brussels Convention for the Unification of certain Rules relating to Assistance and Salvage at Sea 海上救助 1923 Geneva Convention and Statute on the Regime of Maritime Ports旨在确保交通与过境自由，及会员国在通商方面的公平待遇,是西班牙和葡萄牙两国于1494年6月7日，在西班牙卡斯蒂利亚的托尔德西里亚斯签订的一份旨在瓜分新世界的协议。,大运河,“海港制度公约”,第5章 第一节 概念及历史发展Conc

16、ept, Historical development, Codification,四、 law of the sea-Codification （一）The Hague Codification Conference of 1930 The Conference was unable to adopt a convention concerning territorial waters as no agreement could be reached on the question of the breadth of territorial waters and the problem of

17、 the contiguous zone. There was, however, some measure of agreement regarding the legal status of territorial waters, the right of innocent passage and the baseline for measuring the territorial waters.,1930年海牙国际法编篡会议拟订领海法律地位草案,law of the sea-Codification,（二）联合国第一次海洋法会议 The First UN Conference on th

18、e Law of the Sea held in Geneva in 1958 ，86statesparticipation，Geneva，adopted four Conventions: (1) the Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone; 领海与毗连区公约 (2) the convention on the Continental Shelf; 大陆架公约 (3) the Convention on Fishing and the Conservation of the Living Resources of

19、 the High Sea捕鱼与养护生物资源公约 (4) the Convention on the High Sea公海公约 海洋法开始由习惯法向成文法转变; 主要反映了西方海洋强国的意志，忽视了发展中国家的利益。,第5章 第一节 概念及历史发展Concept, Historical development, Codification,（三）联合国第二次海洋法会议 The Second UN Conference on the Law of the Sea held in Geneva in 1960, trying to settle the question of the breadth

20、 bred of territorial sea , but failed because of the irreconcilable economic, political and military conflicts among the States on the Oceans.,The Conference failed to agree on the British 6+6 compromise (6 miles territorial sea + 6 miles contiguous kntigjus zone) proposal.,第5章 第一节 概念及历史发展Concept, H

21、istorical development, Codification,（六）联合国第三次海洋法会议 The Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea 1973.12, convened in New York，lasted 9years ，167 nations participating ，另有50多个未独立领土、民族解放运动组织和国际组织派观察员参加了会议。 UNCLOS III experience has been described as “the largest, most technically complex, continuous

22、negotiation attempted in modern times” (R.L.Friedheim). UNCLOS III negotiated on the basis of consensus, as a package deal with the understanding that no reservations to the Convention be permitted. On April 30 1982 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted by voting. 130 state

23、s voted in favor, 4 against (USA, Israel, Turkey and Venezuela) and 17 abstained.,The Law of the Sea - Codification,1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea The United Nations Law of the Sea Convention was signed by 117 states on December 10, 1982 in Montego Bay, Jamaica. The resulting c

24、onvention came into force on November 16, 1994, one year after the sixtieth state, Guyana, ratified the treaty. The Convention consists of 17 parts with 320 articles and 9 annexes The Convention is a comprehensive code of rules of international law on the sea. The greater part of the Convention refl

25、ects already existing customary and conventional (1958 Conventions) law of the sea. However, much of the previous law was thereby changed and many new rules introduced.,dmeik,蒙特哥湾,第5章 第一节 概念及历史发展Concept, Historical development, Codification,公约规定了进行各种海洋活动必须遵循的法律框架，是20世纪继联合国宪章之后的最重要的国际法律文件。To date, 15

26、8 countries and the European Community have joined in the Convention. However, it is now regarded as a codification of the customary international law on the issue. 与1958年的四个公约相比，公约有三个特点： 一是它既有关于领海、公海等方面的“编纂”现有国际法的内容，又有关于专属经济区、国际海底区域等方面的“逐渐发展”的内容，甚至可以说“逐渐发展”的内容多于“编纂”的内容； 二是发展中国家的意志在公约中得到了体现，公约实际上包括了

27、建立国际新秩序的内容； 三是公约是有不同利害关系的国家或国家集团斗争和妥协的结果，是“一揽子”协议，公约规定，不得作出保留和例外。,第5章 第一节 概念及历史发展Concept, Historical development, Codification,Countries that have signed, but not yet ratified (20) Afghanistan, Bhutan, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethi

28、opia, Iran, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Libya, Liechtenstein, Malawi, Niger, Rwanda, Swaziland, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Countries that have not signed (18) Andorra, Azerbaijan, Ecuador, Eritrea, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Peru, San Marino, Syria, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Turke

29、y, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vatican City, Venezuela, Western Sahara.,第5章 第一节 概念及历史发展Concept, Historical development, Codification,二战以来海洋法的发展变化受到很多因素的影响： 首先，各国经济的巨大增长刺激了对海洋资源的需求，沿海国竞相将管辖范围扩展到领海以外，以控制更多的海洋资源； 其次，科学技术的进步，为各国控制更为宽广的海洋空间提供了可能性，为增加人类开发海洋资源的广度和深度创造了条件； 第三，发展中国家在国际社会占据多数以后，强烈要求改变有利于海洋大国的旧的

30、海洋法律秩序，建立新的海洋法律秩序； 第四，发达国家凭借其经济和技术优势，极力抵制不符合其意愿的海洋法的变革，企图使海洋法的发展变化以他们的意志为转移。,第5章 第二节 内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone,一、内水-Internal waters (Article 8) （一）概念：Waters on the landward side of the baseline of the territorial sea form part of the internal waters of the State. Leg

31、al status：The coastal state is free to set laws, regulate use, and use any resource. Foreign vessels have no right of passage within internal waters. the coastal states sovereignty extends over its territorial sea and to the airspace and seabed and subsoil；外国船舶或航空器非经许可不得进入内水及其上空航行； In general, a coa

32、stal state may exercise its jurisdiction over foreign ships within its internal waters to enforce its laws, although the judicial authorities of the flag state (i.e. the state whose flag the particular ship flies) may also act where crimes have occurred on board ship.,海洋内水,陆地内水,第5章 第二节 内水、领海、毗连区Inte

33、rnal waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone,（二）内水与领海的界限-领海基线- Baselines 是陆地和海洋、内水和领海的分界线，也是测算领海、毗连区、专属经济区和大陆架宽度的起算线。The convention set the limit of various areas, measured from a carefully defined baseline. (Normally, a sea baseline follows the low-water line, but when the coastline is deeply inde

34、nted, has fringing islands or is highly unstable, straight baselines may be used.) 1.正常基线：海水退潮退到离岸最远时海平面与海岸相接触的那条线，通常适用于海岸线比较平直的情况。,高潮线,低潮线,Normal baseline (Article 5) The normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low water line along the coast as marked on large-scale

35、charts officially recognized by the coastal State.,Baselines,2.直线基线：适用于海岸非常曲折或沿岸多岛屿的情况。 Straight baselines (Article 7) In localities where the coastline is deeply indented and cut into, or if there is a fringe of islands along the coast in its immediate vicinity, the method of straight baselines joi

36、ning appropriate points may be employed in drawing the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.,适用直线基线法的限制： （1）不应在任何明显的程度上偏离海岸的一般方向； （2）基线内的海域必须充分接近陆地领土，使其受内水制度的支配； （3）一国不得采用直线基线制度，致使另一国的领海同公海或专属经济区隔断。,第5章 第二节 内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone,公约：“

37、如果河流直接流入海洋，基线应是一条在两岸低潮线上两点之间横越河口的直线”。 Mouths of rivers - If a river flows directly into the sea, the baseline shall be a straight line across the mouth of the river between points on the low-water line of its banks. low-tide elevation： the low-water line of it may now be used as a baseline for measu

38、ring the breadth of the territorial sea if it is situated wholly or partly at a distance not exceeding the breadth of the territorial sea from the mainland or an island. If it is beyond this distance, it will have no territorial sea of its own.,第5章 第二节 内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters, Territorial Sea, Cont

39、iguous Zone,我国1992年领海及毗连区法采用直线基线法划定中国领海。 Combination of methods for determining baselines (Article 14) The coastal State may determine baselines in turn by any of the methods provided for in the foregoing articles to suit different conditions.,第5章 第二节 内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters, Territorial Sea, Conti

40、guous Zone,（三）海湾-Bays (Article10) a bay is a well-marked indentation An indentation shall not, however, be regarded as a bay unless its area is as large as, or larger than, that of the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation. Where the distance between the low

41、-water marks of the natural entrance points of a bay exceeds 24nautical miles, a straight baseline of 24nautical miles shall be drawn within the bay in such a manner as to enclose the maximum area of water that is possible with a line of that length. （四）港口-Ports For the purpose of delimiting the ter

42、ritorial sea, the outermost permanent harbor works which form an integral part of the harbor system are regarded as forming part of the coast. Off-shore installations and artificial islands shall not be considered as permanent harbor works.,第5章 第二节 内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguo

43、us Zone,二、领海-territorial sea （一）Definition 领海是邻接国家领陆、内水或群岛水域的，受国家管辖和支配的一定宽度的海水带。,高潮线,低潮线,领海,领海,Territorial sea refers to a belt of sea adjacent to the coastal State over which the coastal State enjoys sovereignty and jurisdiction subject to certain conditions imposed by the rules of international la

44、w.,第5章 第二节 内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone,（二）Legal status of territorial sea the coastal state is free to set laws, regulate use, and use any resource. 1.沿海国的权利- coastal states rihgt (1)自然资源主权-sovereignty on natural resources living ,对沿海国的主权、领土完整或政治独立进行任何武力威胁或使用武力；,第5章 第二

45、节 内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone,(b) any exercise or practice with weapons of any kind; 以任何武器进行任何军事操练或演习； (c) any act aimed at collecting information to the prejudice of the defence or security of the coastal State;以搜集情报为目的的使沿海国的防务和安全受损害的行为； (d) any act of propaganda aime

46、d at affecting the defence or security of the coastal State;目的在于影响沿海国防务或安全的宣传行为； (e) the launching, landing or taking on board of any aircraft;在船上起落或接载任何飞机； (f) the launching, landing or taking on board of any military device;在船上发射、降落或接载任何军事装置；,第5章 第二节 内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters, Territorial Sea, Cont

47、iguous Zone,(g) the loading or unloading of any commodity, currency or person contrary to the customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations of the coastal State;违反沿海国海关、财政、移民或卫生法律和规章，装卸或上下任何商品、货币或人员； (h) any act of wilful and serious pollution contrary to this Convention; 故意的和严重的污染行为

48、； (i) any fishing activities; 捕鱼活动； (j) the carrying out of research or survey activities;进行研究或测量活动； (k) any act aimed at interfering with any systems of communication or any other facilities or installations of the coastal State;目的在于干扰沿海国任何通讯系统或任何其他设施或设备的行为； (l) any other activity not having a dire

49、ct bearing on passage.与通过没有直接关系的任何其他活动。,第5章 第二节 内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone,在领海内，外国潜水艇或其他潜水器须在海面上航行并展示其旗帜；外国核动力船舶和载运核物质或其他本质上危险或有毒物质的船舶，在行使无害通过领海的权利时，应持有国际协定为这种船舶所规定的证书并遵守国际协定所规定的特别预防措施。,Article20 Submarines and other underwater vehicles In the territorial sea, submari

50、nes and other underwater vehicles are required to navigate on the surface and to show their flag.,第5章 第二节 内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone,（三）领海的界限 1.领海宽度 Every State has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12nautical miles,

51、 measured from baselines determined in accordance with this Convention (Article 3) 公约生效以来仍旧主张领海应超出12海里的国家不到10个，其中大多数都不是公约缔约国。 2.领海外部界限 The outer limit of the territorial sea is the line every point of which is at a distance from the nearest point of the baseline equal to the breadth of the territori

52、al sea (Article 4),1. “视力说” the 3-mile rule 2. the cannon-shot rule：荷兰,宾刻舒克 3.“航程说”,3.Delimitation of the territorial sea between states with opposite or adjacent coasts76 Where no agreement has been reached, neither state may extend its territorial sea beyond the median line every point of which is

53、 equidistant from the nearest point on the baselines from which the territorial sea is measured.,第5章 第二节 内水、领海、毗连区Internal waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone,三、 Contiguous Zone-毗连区 kntigjus In a zone contiguous to its territorial sea, described as the contiguous zone, the coastal State may exe

54、rcise the control necessary to: (a) prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea; (b) punish infringement of the above laws and regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea. The contiguous zone may

55、not extend beyond 24nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.,第5章 第三节 用于国际航行的海峡、群岛水域 Straits Used for International Navigation, Archipelagic Waters,一、 Straits used for international navigations 用于国际航行的海峡 （一）definition： are straits which are used for

56、 international navigation between one part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone and another part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone. 公约确立12海里领海，世界上有116个海峡由于宽度不足24海里而成为沿海国的领海，其中约有30个海峡两端连接公海或专属经济区，构成重要国际水道，被认为是“用于国际航行的海峡”。这些具有重要航行价值和战略价值的海峡的通过制度，几乎与所有国家的利益有关。一些国家主张这类海峡实行公海的自由通行制

57、度（free passage），另一些国家认为这些海峡既然成了有关国家的领海就应实行领海无害通行制度（innocent passage ）。作为各方妥协的结果，美国等海上强国同意领海扩展为12海里，其他有关国家同意在“用于国际航行的海峡”中创造一项新制度过境通行制（transit passage ）。 In international straits all ships and aircraft enjoy the right of transit passage, which shall not be impeded.,第5章 第三节 用于国际航行的海峡、群岛水域 Straits Used

58、for International Navigation, Archipelagic Waters,（二）用于国际航行的海峡的通过制度 用于国际航行的海峡分为三类，分别实行不同的通过制度。,2.适用无害通过制度 innocent passage,1.实行航行和飞越自由 free passage,领海,领海,公海或专 属经济区,领海,领海,公海或专 属经济区,领海,第5章 第三节 用于国际航行的海峡、群岛水域 Straits Used for International Navigation, Archipelagic Waters,3.适用过境通行制度 Transit passage mean

59、s the exercise of the freedom of navigation and overflight solely for the purpose of continuous and expeditious transit between one part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone and another part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone.,领海,公海或专 属经济区,公海或专 属经济区,（三）他国行使过境通行权时的义务 （1）毫不迟延地通过或飞越海峡； （2）不对海峡沿岸国的主权、领土完整或政治独立进行任何武力威胁或使用武力； （3）除因不可抗力或遇难外，不从事其通过所附带发生的活动以外的任何活动； （4）过境通行的船舶应遵守一般接受的关于海上安全的国际规则和防止、减少和控制来自船舶的污染的国际规则； （5）过境通行的飞机应遵守国际民航组织制定的适用于民用飞机的航空规