语言是一个系统的资源.ppt

1、,Language is the instantiation of an indefinitely large meaning potential through acts of meaning which simultaneously construe experience and enact social relationships.,Language as a systemic resource 语言是一个系统的资源,Language as a systemic resource 语言是一个系统的资源,Language is a particular kind of semiotic s

2、ystem which is based on grammar, characterized by both a stratal organization and functional diversity.,The semantic system is one of three levels, or strata, which together comprise the whole linguistic system. Between the semantic system above and the phonological and morphological realization bel

3、ow is the lexicogrammar.,Language as a systemic resource 语言是一个系统的资源,Context 语境系,Semantics 语义系,Lexicogrammar 词汇语法系,Phonology 语音系,A semantic system is organized into three functional components, or “metafunctions”.语义系三大元功能 The three components are: 1. ideational, including logical and experiential; 2.

4、 interpersonal; 3. textual,Context,Lexicogrammar,Phonology,Semantics 语义系,A semantic system is organized into three functional components, or “metafunctions”.语义系三大元功能 The three components are: 1. ideational, including logical and experiential; 2. interpersonal; 3. textual,Context,Lexicogrammar,Phonol

5、ogy,Semantics 语义系,The difference between a text and a clause is that a text is a semantic entity, i.e. a construct of meaning, whereas a clause is a lexico- grammatical entity, i.e. a construct of wording. A text is an inter-subjective event, in which speaker and listener exchange meaning in a conte

6、xt of situation.,Clause and Text,Context 语境系,Semantics,Lexicogrammar,Phonology,Language as system is related to its context of culture; while instances of language in use specific texts are related to their context of situation.,Text,By means of my text, I participate in an act of interpersonal exch

7、ange, communicating my sense of identity, my world view, my interpretation of experience.,One of the requirements every language has to meet is that of texture. The internal organization of a language, its grammar, vocabulary and sound system provides, among other things, the means whereby the speak

8、er or writer can create texts coherent and interconnected pieces of language, as distinct from unorganized strings of sentences.,Texts and texture,What makes a sequence of clauses a text? cohesion :- the connection which results when the interpretation of a textual element is dependent on another el

9、ement in the text 5 types of cohesion: 1. reference 2. substitution ellipsis conjunction lexical cohesion,Five types of cohesion,X: What movie do you want to see today? I already saw Tom Cruises latest film. Y: I saw it, too; and he was great in it. Z: But, I didnt, so dont tell me the ending. X: Pe

10、rhaps, we should consider some other form of entertainment. X: Yea, sometimes I get tired of doing the same old thing, and would prefer ice- skating.,Five types of cohesion,X: What movie do you want to see today? I already saw Tom Cruises latest film. Y: I saw it, too; and he was great in it. Z: But

11、, I didnt , so dont tell me the ending. X: Perhaps, we should consider some other form of entertainment. X: Yea, sometimes I get tired of doing the same old thing, and would prefer ice- skating.,Five types of cohesion,X: What movie do you want to see today? I already saw Tom Cruises latest film. Y:

12、I saw it, too; and he was great in it. Z: But, I didnt , so dont tell me the ending. X: Perhaps, we should consider some other form of entertainment. X: Yea, sometimes I get tired of doing the same old thing, and would prefer ice- skating.,Five types of cohesion,X: What movie do you want to see toda

13、y? I already saw Tom Cruises latest film. Y: I saw it, too; and he was great in it. Z: But, I didnt , so dont tell me the ending. X: Perhaps, we should consider some other form of entertainment. X: Yea, sometimes I get tired of doing the same old thing, and would prefer ice- skating.,Five types of c

14、ohesion,X: What movie do you want to see today? I already saw Tom Cruises latest film. Y: I saw it, too; and he was great in it. Z: But, I didnt , so dont tell me the ending. X: Perhaps, we should consider some other form of entertainment. X: Yea, sometimes I get tired of doing the same old thing, a

15、nd would prefer ice- skating.,Five types of cohesion,X: What movie do you want to see today? I already saw Tom Cruises latest film. Y: I saw it, too; and he was great in it. Z: But, I didnt , so dont tell me the ending. X: Perhaps, we should consider some other form of entertainment. X: Yea, sometim

16、es I get tired of doing the same old thing, and would prefer ice- skating.,Five types of cohesion,X: What movie do you want to see today? I already saw Tom Cruises latest film. Y: I saw it, too; and he was great in it. Z: But, I didnt , so dont tell me the ending. X: Perhaps, we should consider some

17、 other form of entertainment. X: Yea, sometimes I get tired of doing the same old thing, and would prefer ice- skating.,Five types of cohesion,X: What movie do you want to see today? I already saw Tom Cruises latest film. Y: I saw it, too; and he was great in it. Z: But, I didnt , so dont tell me th

18、e ending. X: Perhaps, we should consider some other form of entertainment. X: Yea, sometimes I get tired of doing the same old thing, and would prefer ice- skating.,What makes a sequence of clauses a text? cohesion coherence :- To the extent that each element or part of a text may be understood to c

19、ontribute to the overall meaning of the text as a whole, there is coherence.,What makes a sequence of clauses a text? cohesion coherence intentionality :- The writer has some conscious intention of achieving specific goals with the message.,What makes a sequence of clauses a text? cohesion coherence

20、 intentionality acceptability, informativeness, situationality, intertextuality :- Responding to the text, reader must be willing to accept the text as a text. Besides finding the text comprehensible and informative, readers determination of acceptability will also depend on situationality viewed in

21、 context of situation and intertextuality viewed in relation to other texts preceding and surrounding the text in question.,cohesion inter-sentence texture deals with how successive sentences are integrated to form a whole. fit to context intra-sentence texture choices based on what the speaker want

22、s to say choices related to the flow of information,Texts and texture,This fit to the context comprises two aspects: the organizing of the message so that it correctly represents what the speaker wants to say (speaker angle), and the organizing of it so that it ties up with the preceding text or wha

23、t the hearer already knows (hearer angle),“hearer angle” Given and New information relates to the organization of the message so that it ties up with the preceding text new and noteworthy information typically occurs at the end of the clause “speaker angle” Theme-Rheme relates to how the message is

24、organized around what the speaker wants to say,Texts and texture,In English the general principle of thematic structure is very simple indeed: the theme is put first. Thus in My love is like a red, red rose, the theme is my love. The theme, in other words, is normally the first grammatical element i

25、n the structure of the clause. Johns already left yesterday we discussed the financial arrangements his spirit they could not kill people who live in glasshouses shouldnt throw stones.,The association of theme with subject is a feature of declarative clauses. In interrogatives, the pattern is differ

26、ent. In yes/no questions, the unmarked theme is the finite element of the verb: e.g. Did John come? the normal theme is that element in the verb that carries the polarity (did/didnt, etc.). Likewise, in a WH-question, the theme is the interrogative word (the “WH-element”: what, who, how, why, etc.):

27、 the theme of such a question is the request for information on just this point.,The theme is the reason for saying anything at all; it provides the foundation for the message. The choice of a theme is thus the basic decision about the structure of the message, as the speaker conceives it. The theme

28、, however, may include elements which lie outside the subject matter: i.e. elements from the textual and interpersonal components. Consider an example such as But perhaps we should go.,IDENTIFICATION The one who could really tell you everything you need to know with absolute assurance is John. What

29、I need is a new car. What the duke gave my aunt was that teapot. PREDICATION Its John I want (=“Im talking about John; but at the same time you (the hearer) cannot be expected to know that”.) SUBSTITUTION hes very friendly, that dog. (= the dog though visible is not obviously who I am referring to),

30、Thematic progression Linear: 1 The genesis of the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong lay in the report of a committee appointed by the Governor in November 1980 to review the scope of post-secondary and technical education in Hong Kong. 2a In its report of June 1981 it recommended that there should be a

31、general and substantial increase in the provision of places for tertiary education; 2b one of the measures recommended for achieving this was the establishment of a second polytechnic.,1 The two are the Collins Cobuild English Dictionary and the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. 2 Both are

32、 third editions. 3a Both have been published in 1995, 3b so they are uptodate. 4a Both are designed for people learning the language 4b and, 4b1 although neither include the etymology of words listed, 4b2 both offer other information not usually contained in such works, such as word frequency. 5 Bot

33、h dictionaries also give examples or sentence parts using the words in question.,Thematic progression Continuous: 1 The two are the Collins Cobuild English Dictionary and the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. 2 Both are third editions. 3a Both have been published in 1995, 3b so they are up

34、todate. 4a Both are designed for people learning the language 4b and, 4b1 although neither include the etymology of words listed, 4b2 both offer other information not usually contained in such works, such as word frequency. 5 Both dictionaries also give examples or sentence parts using the words in

35、question.,Thematic progression linear: 1 The genesis of the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong lay in the report of a committee appointed by the Governor in November 1980 to review the scope of post-secondary and technical education in Hong Kong. 2a In its report of June 1981 it recommended that there sh

36、ould be a general and substantial increase in the provision of places for tertiary education; 2b one of the measures recommended for achieving this was the establishment of a second polytechnic.,Version 1 1aThe suns shining; 1bits a perfect day. 2Here come the astronauts. 3aTheyre just passing the g

37、reat hall; 3bperhaps the president will come out to greet them. 4No, its the admiral whos taking the ceremony. 5He has great dignity, the admiral. 6Hes shaking hands with them now. 7What puzzles me is why there are only two of them. 8aThe ones that are in view are the two navy men; 8bthe space docto

38、r I cant see anywhere. 9It was the space doctor who aroused most of the excitement. 10It must be him the crowds are welcoming now with all those cheers.,Version 2 1aIts the sun thats shining; 1bthe day is perfect. 2The astronauts come here. 3aThe great hall theyre just passing; 3bhell perhaps come o

39、ut to great them, the president. 4No, its the ceremony that the admirals taking. 5The admiral has great dignity. 6What hes shaking with them now is hands. 7Why there are only two of them puzzles me. 8aThe two navy men are in view; 8banywhere I cant see the space doctor. 9What the space doctor arouse

40、d was most of the excitement. 10With all those cheers the crowd must be welcoming him now.,Version 1 1aThe suns shining; 1bits a perfect day. 2Here come the astronauts. 3aTheyre just passing the great hall; 3bperhaps the president will come out to greet them. 4No, its the admiral whos taking the cer

41、emony. 5He has great dignity, the admiral. 6Hes shaking hands with them now. 7What puzzles me is why there are only two of them. 8aThe ones that are in view are the two navy men; 8bthe space doctor I cant see anywhere. 9It was the space doctor who aroused most of the excitement. 10It must be him the

42、 crowds are welcoming now with all those cheers.,Version 2 1aIts the sun thats shining; 1bthe day is perfect. 2The astronauts come here. 3aThe great hall theyre just passing; 3bhell perhaps come out to great them, the president. 4No, its the ceremony that the admirals taking. 5The admiral has great

43、dignity. 6What hes shaking with them now is hands. 7Why there are only two of them puzzles me. 8aThe two navy men are in view; 8banywhere I cant see the space doctor. 9What the space doctor aroused was most of the excitement. 10With all those cheers the crowd must be welcoming him now.,Whereas the f

44、irst version of this passage starts off with a definite given, namely, The sun, the second version employs a predicated theme at the outset, presenting the sun in the rheme as new information, suggesting the unlikely possibility that the reader may have been thinking it was something other than the

45、sun which was shining.,Version 1 1aThe suns shining; 1bits a perfect day. 2Here come the astronauts. 3aTheyre just passing the great hall; 3bperhaps the president will come out to greet them. 4No, its the admiral whos taking the ceremony. 5He has great dignity, the admiral. 6Hes shaking hands with t

46、hem now. 7What puzzles me is why there are only two of them. 8aThe ones that are in view are the two navy men; 8bthe space doctor I cant see anywhere. 9It was the space doctor who aroused most of the excitement. 10It must be him the crowds are welcoming now with all those cheers.,Version 2 1aIts the

47、 sun thats shining; 1bthe day is perfect. 2The astronauts come here. 3aThe great hall theyre just passing; 3bhell perhaps come out to great them, the president. 4No, its the ceremony that the admirals taking. 5The admiral has great dignity. 6What hes shaking with them now is hands. 7Why there are on

48、ly two of them puzzles me. 8aThe two navy men are in view; 8banywhere I cant see the space doctor. 9What the space doctor aroused was most of the excitement. 10With all those cheers the crowd must be welcoming him now.,Version 1 1aThe suns shining; 1bits a perfect day. 2Here come the astronauts. 3aT

49、heyre just passing the great hall; 3bperhaps the president will come out to greet them. 4No, its the admiral whos taking the ceremony. 5He has great dignity, the admiral. 6Hes shaking hands with them now. 7What puzzles me is why there are only two of them. 8aThe ones that are in view are the two nav

50、y men; 8bthe space doctor I cant see anywhere. 9It was the space doctor who aroused most of the excitement. 10It must be him the crowds are welcoming now with all those cheers.,Version 2 1aIts the sun thats shining; 1bthe day is perfect. 2The astronauts come here. 3aThe great hall theyre just passin

51、g; 3bhell perhaps come out to great them, the president. 4No, its the ceremony that the admirals taking. 5The admiral has great dignity. 6What hes shaking with them now is hands. 7Why there are only two of them puzzles me. 8aThe two navy men are in view; 8banywhere I cant see the space doctor. 9What

52、 the space doctor aroused was most of the excitement. 10With all those cheers the crowd must be welcoming him now.,Immediately at the outset of (2), the fronted Here come announces the introduction of the new-as-rheme, i.e. the astronauts. Illustrating linear thematic progression, the new-as-rheme i

53、n (2) then becomes the given-as-theme in (3a).,Version 1 1aThe suns shining; 1bits a perfect day. 2Here come the astronauts. 3aTheyre just passing the great hall; 3bperhaps the president will come out to greet them. 4No, its the admiral whos taking the ceremony. 5He has great dignity, the admiral. 6

54、Hes shaking hands with them now. 7What puzzles me is why there are only two of them. 8aThe ones that are in view are the two navy men; 8bthe space doctor I cant see anywhere. 9It was the space doctor who aroused most of the excitement. 10It must be him the crowds are welcoming now with all those che

55、ers.,Version 2 1aIts the sun thats shining; 1bthe day is perfect. 2The astronauts come here. 3aThe great hall theyre just passing; 3bhell perhaps come out to great them, the president. 4No, its the ceremony that the admirals taking. 5The admiral has great dignity. 6What hes shaking with them now is

56、hands. 7Why there are only two of them puzzles me. 8aThe two navy men are in view; 8banywhere I cant see the space doctor. 9What the space doctor aroused was most of the excitement. 10With all those cheers the crowd must be welcoming him now.,In the second version, not only is the sense of introduci

57、ng the arrival of the astronauts lost by putting here in the rheme of (2), but also its placement at the end of clause (2) just preceding the marked fronting of the complement in (3a), The great hall, risks misleading the listener/reader into thinking that the adverbial here in the rheme of (2) is a

58、 reference to The great hall mentioned in the theme of (3a).,Version 1 1aThe suns shining; 1bits a perfect day. 2Here come the astronauts. 3aTheyre just passing the great hall; 3bperhaps the president will come out to greet them. 4No, its the admiral whos taking the ceremony. 5He has great dignity,

59、the admiral. 6Hes shaking hands with them now. 7What puzzles me is why there are only two of them. 8aThe ones that are in view are the two navy men; 8bthe space doctor I cant see anywhere. 9It was the space doctor who aroused most of the excitement. 10It must be him the crowds are welcoming now with all those cheers.,Version 2 1aIts the sun thats shining; 1bthe day is perfect. 2The astronauts come here. 3aThe great hall theyre just passing; 3bhell perhaps come out to great them, the president. 4N