Unit 4 （人教）.ppt

1、,畅言教育,本课时编写：蚌埠二中 马爱军 朱小伟,Can you name these heavenly bodies?,Warming up,Sun,Venus,Mercury,Mars,Jupiter,Saturn,Earth,Pluto,Neptune,Uranus,A survey,1. What interests you in astronomy? 2.Do you know any questions that astronomers are interested in? 3. How many books or news do you know about astronomy?

2、 Make a list of them and share them with your classmates.,How the universe began? How life began?,Is there life on other planets?,Are there other life forms in the universe?,How are galaxies formed?,What happened to all the matter after the “Big Bang”?,Free talk,HOW LIFE BEGAN ON THE EARTH?,Reading,

3、The origin of life on earth is a question that interests astronomers. What do you know about it?,Pre-reading,Big Bang,Each religion and culture has its own ideas about how life began on earth. What do you know?,Read the title and look at the pictures. Predict what the reading will be about. Then rea

4、d it quickly to check if you are right.,1.What is the original earths atmosphere made up of? 2. why did scientists believe water is fundamental to the development of life? 3. How did water come into being on the earth? 4. Which kind of life-being first appeared on the earth, plants or animals? Why?

5、5. Why were mammals different from all life forms in the past?,Scanning,Scan the passage quickly to answer the following questions.,carbon, nitrogen, water vapour, and other gases,2. Why did scientist believe water is fundamental to the development of life?,Because water allowed the earth to dissolv

6、e harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas to ensure a following chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.,1. What is the original earths atmosphere made up of?,3. How did water come into being on the earth?,The explosion of the earth produced water vapor, which turned into

7、 water when the earth cooled down.,4. Which kind of life-being first appeared on the earth, plants or animals? Why?,At first, small plants began to appear on the surface of the water, they produce oxygen, which encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.,5. Why were ma

8、mmals different from all life forms in the past?,They were different because they produced their young from within their bodies and produce milk to feed them.,Main body,Para 1:,Para 2: Para 3: Para 4:,Para 5:,A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe.,The formation of the earth.,T

9、he importance of water for life.,The development of plants and animals on the earth.,The arrival of humans and their impact on the earth.,Read the passage carefully and analyze its structure:,earth, atmosphere and water,life development,Human beings,Careful -reading,（ ）1 Insects and amphibians appea

10、red. （ ）2 Dinosaurs appeared. （ ）3 The earth became a solid ball. （ ）4 Small plants grew on the water. （ ）5 Reptiles appeared. （ ）6 Plants began to grow on dry land. （ ）7 The earth was a cloud of dust. （ ）8 Water appeared on the earth. （ 9 Shellfish and other fish appeared. （ ）10 The universe began

11、with a “Big Bang”. （ ）11 Clever animals with hands and feet appeared. （ ）12 Mammals appeared.,8,7,5）,6,4,1,10,3,9,2,Detailed reading,Put the order of development of life into a time line.,12,11,After reading the passage, discuss the following questions.,1. Why was the earth different from the other

12、planets?,3. Why is it wrong to show films with dinosaurs and people together?,2. Why did the plants grow before the animals came?,Because the water remained on the earth.,Because dinosaurs died out long before human beings developed on the earth.,Because plants provide oxygen for animals to breathe.

13、,Post reading,4. There used to be nine planets in the solar system. Recently scientists have decided that one of them can no longer be considered a planet. Do you know the name of it? Do you know why they removed it?,5. What problem is caused by human beings?,The name is Pluto. Scientists now think

14、it is too small to be called a planet.,Human beings causes global warming.,After reading the passage, discuss the following questions.,Read the passage again and underline all the discourse markers and sentence connectors.,Discourse markers: however, next, after that, . Sentence connectors: and, but

15、, .,Later, finally, thus, as a result of this,because, or,Discuss in groups and give a report to the class.,Other puzzles are hidden in the passage: How did the earths atmosphere develop? Why did water stay on the earth but not on the other planets? How did life forms develops？ What did some life fo

16、rms disappear?,How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve. What other puzzles are hidden in the passage? Find them out and do some research.,Discussion,Lets review the evolution of life on the earth.,After the “Big Bang”, the earth was full of water.,Or

17、iginal cells appeared in the ocean.,The cells in the water began to separate. Marine animals came into being.,Some animals (amphibian / B. a; a C./; a D. a; / 解析：D。句意为：我没通过考试那段时间我很失望。别灰心。你迟早会成功的。第一个空考查的是when 引导的定语从句，表示在某段时间里，故应用in a time。而第二个空表示“迟早”，故用in time。,用time短语填空。 1). We got to the station ju

18、st_ _to catch the bus. 2). William arrived at the theatre just _ _ for the play was to be on. 3). Hurry up! The concert will begin _ _ _. 4). _ _ _ will I give up.,in time,in time,in no time,At no time,5). The boy laughed and cried _ _ _ _. 6). _ _ _ he was addicted to playing web games, but now he

19、devotes himself to writing, which delights his parents. 7). Dont try to do everything at once; take it a bit _ _ _.,at the same time,At one time,at a time,3. （课文句子）What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the ocea

20、ns and seas. “很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。” allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 sb. be allowed to do sth. 某人被允许做某事 allow doing 准许做某事,翻译下列句子： (1) 她的父母不允许她晚上10点之后外出。 Her parents dont allow her to go out after 10 oclock in the evening. (2) 学生不能吸烟。 Students are not allowed to smoke. (3) 我们不允许在这里停

21、车。 We dont allow parking here.,4. （课文句子）This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. “这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命有可能开始发展。” make it possible for sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事成为可能 it 做形式宾语，to develop 是真正的宾语 (1) His hard working made it possible for him _(pass) the exam. (2) Jim found it di

22、fficult _(persuade) his father to stop smoking.,to pass,to persuade,5. （课文句子）They produced young generally by laying eggs. “它们一般是通过孵蛋而繁衍后代。” by doing sth. 用于说明做某事的手段、方式 lay - laid - laid laying lays 放置; 产卵 lie lay lain lying lies 躺; 位于 lie lied lied lying lies 说谎,【常见短语】 lay eggs 下蛋 lay sth. aside 把某

23、物放在一边；积蓄（钱） lay sth. down 把某物放下 lay the table 摆桌子 lay emphasis / stress on sth. 把重点放在某事上,Mary靠画画为生。 _ (2) Jim _(lie) to his parents about the test result, which made them angry. (3) The novel is _(lie) on the table. (4) The hen _(lay) two eggs yesterday.,Mary earns her living by painting.,lied,lying

24、,laid,6. （ 课文句子）Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet. “于是，他们接着成为了这个行星上最重要的动物。” in ones turn 轮到某人，接着 Now that I have finished buying, Tom, in his turn, should cook. 既然我已经买来了菜，就该由Tom来做菜了。,【拓展归纳】 in turn依次；轮流；转而；反过来by turns轮流；交替take ones turn轮到某人做了take turns依次；

25、轮班，轮流 take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事 (1) We _ do the housework. (2) The children called out their names _.,take turns to,in turn,【经典考题】 People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars，and this _ creates further problems. Ain short Bin case Cin doubt Din turn (2007年湖北卷) 解析: D。in

26、 short “总之，简言之”；in case “假使，免得，以防万一”；in doubt “感到怀疑，被怀疑的”；in turn “反过来，依次，轮流”。,7. （课文句子）They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. “他们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去。” prevent (from) doing sth. 阻止某人做某事,from后面可跟 doing s

27、th，from可以省略。 His back injury may prevent him from playing in tomorrows game. 他背部的伤可能使他参加不了明天的比赛。,【拓展归纳】 prevent, stop, keep与protect四者的常见结构为： prevent .(from) doing sth.； stop .(from) doing sth.； keep .from doing sth.; 均表示“阻止做某事”。 protect sb. from.保护某人不受侵袭，挡住，防御,注意：上述前三个结构中，在主动语态中stop 与prevent后可省去from

28、，但在被动语态中不可省略; 而keep .from .中的from在任何情况下都不能省略。 另外，protect .from .表示“保护不受侵袭；阻挡；防御”。from后接能带来伤害或损害的事物。,【例如】 The boss kept the workers from having a rest. 老板不让工人们休息。 The boss kept the workers working day and night. 老板让工人们夜以继日地工作。 The heavy rain prevented us from going there. 这场大雨使我们没能到那里去。 This plan wil

29、l be kept from being carried out.这个计划将被阻止实施。,【练习】根据句子的意思完成句子或翻译。 1). Doctors took action to _ _ _ _ _ (防止这种疾病的蔓延). 2).Of course I can t _ your going abroad. 3). 警察阻止他们携带武器。 _,prevent/stop/keep the disease from spreading,prevent / stop,The police prevented/stopped/kept them from carrying weapons. = T

30、hey were prevented/stopped/kept from carrying weapons.,句子改错： (1) Nothing could prevent him to going camping this Saturday. (2) The rain prevents us from play basketball on the playground.,from,playing,8. （课文句子） Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whet

31、her this problem can be solved. 在几百万年之后，在地球上是否存在生命将取决于这个问题是否得到解决。 depend on意为“依靠；信赖；”，on可以换成upon，可构成depend on / upon sb for sth，意为“依靠某人供给某物”，或depend on sb to do sth意为“依靠某人做某事”。 The country depends heavily on its tourist trade. 这个国家主要依靠旅游业。 The poor man depends his son to earn money. 这个穷人依靠他的儿子去赚钱。,【

32、拓展归纳】 1) rely on / upon; trust; count on等，三个动词(组)皆表“依靠”。 如： Can you rely on Tom to bring the food here? 你能依靠Tom把食物带回来吗？ 2) It all depends和That depends意思为“看情况而定”，二者都用于口语中。如： Depend on it, hell turn up.请放心，他一定会来的。 It depends how you tackle the problem.那取决于你如何解决这个问题。,【立竿见影】 1)Is your father coming tomo

33、rrow? _ _ (那要看情况).He may not have the time. 2)We dont know if we can offer help. _ _ _ (一切看情况而定). 3)What is your attitude? _ _ _ (请放心).We wont give up.,That depends,It all depends,Depend on it,3. To find your way can be a problem.,What part does the underlined part serve as in each sentence?,2. Smok

34、ing is bad for you.,1. You are a student.,4. “How do you do?” is a greeting.,5 .What she said is not yet known.,6. That we shall be late is certain.,7. It is certain that we shall be late.,subject,A sentence serving as subject is called Subject Clause.,Grammar,情景感悟,用横线画出下列句子的主语从句。(课文句子) 1. What it w

35、as to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. 2. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. 3. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the developmen

36、t of life.,4. What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. 5. Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery. 6. So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come wil

37、l depend on whether this problem can be solved.,主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 How the book will sell depends on its author. That he is the best student in the class is obvious. = It is obvious that he is the best student in the class.,主语从句,要点精讲,引导主语从句的关联词有三类：(1)从属连词that 如： That

38、 they were true sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 (2)从属连词whether 如： Whether hell come here isnt clear.他是否会来这里还不清楚。,(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why.如： What she did is not yet known.她干了什么尚不清楚。 H

39、ow this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome.不论谁来都欢迎。,主语从句三要素,he became a great scientist is known to us all.,Is what you told me really true?,谓语动词用单数,从句用陈述语序,不能省略关联词,Notice :,What we need most are books.,How,are,Agreement in subject clauses,1.在主语从句中，谓语一般用单数。,无论他说

40、什么都不重要。,Whatever he says is of no importance,无论谁说这话都不对。,Whoever says this is wrong.,但谓语动词用单数还是复数，不可一概而论，而要视句子的意义而定 What I need is money. What I need are books.,2.what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而that 则不然。 1) What you said yesterday is right. 2) That she is still alive is a

41、 consolation.,3.Whatever and whoever,Whateveranything that Whoeveranyone who 不管是谁犯了法，他都应该受到惩罚。 Whoever breaks the law should be punished。 Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.,在下列情况下，whether 不能被 if 所取代： 1.whether 引导主语从句 如： Whether it is true remains a problem. 2. 引导表语从句用whether， 如： The quest

42、ion is whether you should accept it. 3. whether可以引导从句作介词的宾语， 如： Im not interested in whether theyll go or not. It depends on whether we have got enough money. 4. whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用， 如： I didnt know whether to laugh or to cry. She hasnt decided whether to go or not.,4.whether 与 if,If Mary really hea

43、rd him was doubtful. Whether Mary really heard him was doubtful. It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.,主语从句置于句首时, 不能用if 引导 如果用it 作形式主语, 就可以用if 引导,不可省略的连词： 1.引导主语，同位语，表语从句的连词不可省略。 2.it作形式宾语的宾语从句 3.并列宾语从句中，后面的从句引导词。 That she was chosen made us very happy.(主语) We heard the news that our team had wo

44、n.(同位语) The reason is that he is too careless.(表语) I think it necessary that you should read aloud. He told (that) his father had died and that he had to make a living by himself.,That的省略的问题,用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is 名词 从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识 (

45、2) It is 形容词 从句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是,用it 作形式主语的结构 (3) It is 不及物动词 从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 It appears that 似乎 (4) It 过去分词 从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 It is said that 据说,1. It is pretty well understood _ controls the flow of carbon d

46、ioxide in and out the atmosphere today. (2003上海) A. that B. when C. what D. how,【试析】主语从句中缺少做主语的成分，故选C.,2. _ made the school proud was_ more than 90 of the students had been admitted to key universities. （2003上海春季） A. What; because B. What ; that C. That ; what D. That ; because,【试析】what 在此作连接代词，引导主语

47、从句，并在从句中作主语。that引导主语从句时，只起引导作用，不作任何成分.,要点总结,1. 用适当的连词填空 1. It is decided _ the meeting will be put off till next Monday. 2. I am not sure _ he will come here or not. 3. My advice is _ we should start tomorrow. 4. _ he said was true.,that,whether,that,What,实战演练,5. _ he came late made the teacher angr

48、y. 6. Weve offered her the job, but I dont know _ she doesnt accept it. 7. Its said _ a year ticket for traveling will be sold. 8. That is _ he is worrying about.,that,That,what,why,2. 单句改错 1. It didnt matter that I would win the match or not. 2. That he is looking for is a dictionary. 3. If you can

49、 pass the test is up to you. 4. That is what he likes the place so much. 5. Whether she comes or not dont concern me. 6. That he said is quite reasonable.,whether,what,Whether,why,doesnt,What,采访类英语写作指导,Writing,采访类英语写作指导 采访类的文章通常是针对某件事或某种现象而提出相应的措施和解决方法。 写作时，第一句开门见山地交待采访的基本情况，即阐述采访的时间、对象、主题等，接着便阐述采访情

50、况或被访人所述的相关信息等。最后陈述被访人提出的个人观点或对解决该问题的建议。 常用套语 1. 交待采访的时间、对象和主题。 (1) Last weekend, I had an interview with Professor Wang, an eye-doctor, concerning about the issue of short-sightedness of school children in China. 上周末， 我就中国学生的近视问题采访了眼科医生王教授。（广东高考书面表达）,写作指导,2. 罗列采访对象所述相关信息。 According to Professor Wang

51、, slightly more than half of the school children in our country are shortsighted, ranking the first in the world. 据王教授所说， 我国略多于一半的学生都是近视， 居世界第一位。 (2) He also pointed out that the causes for short-sightedness are so complicated that no medicine can cure short-sightedness. 他还指出说， 导致近视的原因很复杂， 没有药物能治愈近视

52、。（广东高考书面表达）,3.陈述专家的个人观点或建议。 He suggested that school children avoid overuse of their eyes and do more outdoor activities. 他建议学生避免过度使用眼睛， 多做户外活动。（广东高考书面表达） He particularly reminded us that how to hold a pen is also related to short-sightedness. 他特别地提醒我们如何握笔也和近视有关。（广东高考书面表达）,你是校报小记者， 最近进行了一次采访。以下是这次采访

53、的情况。 时间： 上周星期三 对象： 王老师 主题： 中学生英语单词拼写的问题 基本信息： (1) 约54%高中同学英语书法很差； (2) 约45%的英语词汇只会说而不会写。 老师解读： 原因： 考试未设拼写题型； 平时训练不够； 学生懒于记忆。 建议：提高认识，引起重视；加强训练，掌握方法。 写作内容 根据以上情况用英语写一篇采访报道， 包括如下内容： 1. 采访的时间、对象和主题； 2. 中学生英语单词拼写的现状； 3. 老师解读。 写作要求 只能使用5 个句子表达全部内容。,实战演练,解题指导,首先， 用一句话介绍该访问的时间、主题以及对象， 并以这句话作为文章的开头句， 达到开门见山，

54、点明主题的作用。 Last Wednesday, I had an interview with Mr. Wang, an English teacher, concerning the issue of English word spelling among middle school students.,解题指导,其次， 用三句话分别谈谈采访中几个信息点的内容以及信息中所反映的问题。 According to Mr. Wang, the English handwriting of slightly more than half of the senior middle school st

55、udent is very poor, and about 45% of them can not spell words correctly although they are able to speak. He also pointed out that the causes of spelling problems are that there are no specific word spelling checks in exams, and there is no enough training. The students are too lazy to memorize words

56、.,解题指导,最后， 用一句话简单介绍专家给我们提出的希望和建议。 He suggested that we should raise the awareness and place great emphasis on that, and above all, that we should master skills while we are training ourselves.,参考范文: Last Wednesday, I had an interview with Mr. Wang, an English teacher, concerning the issue of English word spelling among