高中英语Module1EuropePeriod3Grammar语法专题课+精讲优练课型课件.pptx

1、Module 1Europe Grammar,一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态及主谓一致 【新知导引】 用所给单词的适当形式完成句子 1. Paris _(visit) by more than eight million tourists every year. 2. The Church of the Sagrada Familia in Barcelona _ (design) by an architect called Antonio Gaudi. 3. Many of Florences most beautiful paintings and sculptures _ _ (pr

2、oduce) by great artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.,is visited,was designed,were,produced,4. Buildings such as the Parthenon on the Acropolis Hill _ (build) 2, 400 years ago. 5. The Valencia soccer team _(play) in a large stadium. 6. Coffee with sugar _(be) always my favorite drink.

3、7. Not only I but also David and Iris _(be) fond of playing basketball. 8. Neither you nor I，nor anybody else _(be) content to live in such a lonely village.,were built,plays,is,are,is,【知识详解】 一、一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态 1. 构成： 一般现在时被动语态的构成是：am/is/aredone，一般过去时被动语态的构成是：was/weredone。 *My computer is repaired e

4、very few months. 我的电脑每隔几个月修理一次。 *My computer was repaired by the storekeeper yesterday. 昨天我的电脑被店主修理过了。,2. 主动语态变被动语态应注意： (1)有些动词, 如feel，hear，watch，notice，make，have，let等，在主动语态中接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，但在被动语态中要用带to的不定式。 *The teacher made me go out of the classroom. I was made to go out of the classroom (by the

5、teacher). 老师让我从教室里出去。,(2)动词短语，如look after，take care of等用于被动语态中时，要保留介词或副词。 *The little patients are looked after quite well in hospital. 小病号们在医院里受到很好的照顾。,3. 下列情况不用被动语态: (1)有些动词或动词短语没有被动语态，如belong to, break out, happen, take place, last, fail, cost等。 *The meeting only lasted for an hour. 会议只持续了一个小时。,(

6、2)有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义以说明主语的性质，如clean, sell, look, lock, open, write, read, wash, feel等，此时多与副词easily/poorly/well等连用。 *This kind of cloth washes easily. 这种布很容易洗。,(3)表示感官的连系动词，如look, smell, taste, feel， sound等，不用被动语态，后常跟形容词作表语，表示主语的特征。 *What he said at the meeting sounded encouraging. 他在会上说的话听起来令人备受鼓舞。,【名师

7、点津】 动词need，require，want，deserve等后跟-ing形式，表示被动意义。此时-ing形式相当于to be done。 *The door needs repairing. The door needs to be repaired. 这扇门需要修理。,【思维延伸】 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时的被动语态表示一般将来时的被动语态(例)；用一般过去时的被动语态表示过去将来时的被动语态(例)。 Listen to your friends problems and give advice when you are asked. He told me he wo

8、uldnt attend your birthday party unless he was invited.,【即学活用】 1. 同义句转换，每空一词 The teacher gave us some advice on how to improve our oral English. Some advice on how to improve our oral English _ _ to us by the teacher. Mom bought me an MP4 player last weekend. An MP4 player _ _ _ me by Mom last weeke

9、nd. The boss made the little boy do heavy work. The little boy _ _ _ do heavy work by the boss.,was,given,was,bought,for,was,made,to,2. 用所给词的适当形式填空 The door wont _(close)，thats to say，the door needs _(repair). A fire _(break) out in the factory. More than 20 firefighters _(send) there to put out the

10、 fire. Unfortunately，one of the firefighters _(kill) by the fallen wall.,close,repairing/to be repaired,broke,were sent,was killed,二、主谓一致 在英语句子里，谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。主谓一致大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、意义一致和就近一致原则。,1. 语法一致原则。 语法一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。 (1)以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。 *Walking

11、on the moon is very difficult. 在月球上行走是十分困难的。,*What the boy wanted were some books. 这个男孩想要的是几本书。(此句根据some books可知What the boy wanted是复数，所以谓语要用复数) (2)由连接词and或both. . . and. . . 连接起来的合成主语后面，一般要用复数形式的谓语动词。 *To say something and to do it are quite different things. 说和做是完全不同的事情。,(3)当主语后面跟有with, along with

12、, together with, as well as, including, but, in addition to 等词组成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。 *Tom，together with Mary and Alice，is going to swim this afternoon. 汤姆今天下午要和玛丽及艾丽斯去游泳。 *No one but your parents was there then. 那时，除了你的父母，没有别人在那里。,(4)either，neither，each，every或no +单数名词和由some，any，no，every构成的复合不定代词作主语时

13、，谓语动词都用单数。 *Neither of us has gone through regular training. 我们两个都没受过正规的训练。 *Nobody wants to go there, do they? 没有人想去那里，是吧？,【名师点津】 (1)在口语中，当either或neither后跟有“of +复数名词(或代词)”作主语时，其谓语动词用单、复数都可以。 (2)若neither of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词要用单数。 *Either of you two has/have done very well. 你们两个做得都很好。 *Neither of his

14、 two plans seems/seem to have worked well. 他的两套计划效果似乎都不太好。,2. 意义一致原则。 意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致。 (1)集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据主语的意义来决定。谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体。这些词有family，class，crowd，committee，population，audience，government，group，team等。,*The football team is being rebuilt. 足球队正在重建。 *The football team a

15、re having baths and then they are coming here for tea. 足球队员们正在洗澡，然后他们会到这里喝茶。,【名师点津】 集合名词people，police，cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 *The police are looking into the accident. 警方正在调查这起事故。 sheep, means等名词作主语时，要根据具体情况来确定谓语动词的数。 *Every means has been tried. 一切方法都试过了。 *Lots of means have been worked out. 许多方法都想

16、了出来。,trousers，glasses，clothes，shoes等词作主语时，谓语动词用复数，但如果这些词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。 *My glasses are broken. 我的眼镜坏了。 *The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 床下的那双鞋是他的。,(2)当主语是“most/some/half/the rest/分数/百分数+of+名词”时，如果of后面的名词表示单数概念或为不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数形式；如果of后面的名词表示复数概念，则谓语动词用复数形式。 *The rest of the a

17、pples are red. 剩余的苹果是红色的。 *Two-thirds of the meat has been eaten. 三分之二的肉被吃掉了。,(3)表示金钱、时间、距离、长度、体积、面积、重量、价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语动词一般用单数。 *Eight hours of sleep is enough. 八小时的睡眠足够了。 *Ten dollars is too cheap for this pair of shoes. 这双鞋10美元太便宜了。,(4)many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。

18、 *Many a person has that kind of opportunity. 很多人都有那种机遇。 *More than one man has been dismissed. 不止一人被解雇了。,(5)“定冠词the +形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，谓语动词用复数；表示某一类事物时，谓语动词常用单数。 *The injured have been taken to hospital. 伤员已被送往医院。,(6)由“a lot of，lots of，plenty of，the majority of，half of, a large/small quantity of+名词”构

19、成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数常常要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 *A large quantity of water is needed. 需要大量的水。 *Plenty of time was spent on English while I was at middle school. 我上中学时在英语上花费了大量的时间。,【名师点津】 “large/small quantities of +名词”作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。 *Large quantities of water have been polluted. 大量的水已经被污染了。,(

20、7)两个或两个以上的并列名词或代词由and连接时，如果表示不同概念，谓语动词用复数形式；如果表示同一概念，谓语动词用单数形式。 *Wu Dong and Wu Xi are twin brothers. 吴东和吴西是孪生兄弟。 *The singer and dancer comes from Shanghai. 那位歌舞演员来自上海。,【名师点津】 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no，each，every，more than one，many a(n)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 *Each boy and each girl has got a dictionary. 每个男孩

21、和女孩都有一本词典。 *Many a boy and many a girl likes to become architects. 许多男孩和许多女孩都喜欢长大后成为建筑师。,(8)在定语从句中，关系代词that，who，which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。 “one of+复数名词”后的定语从句，谓语动词用复数形式；而“the (only) one of+复数名词”后的定语从句，谓语动词用单数。 *These are the books which were bought yesterday for me as my birthday presents by my

22、parents. 这些就是昨天我父母买给我当作生日礼物的书籍。,*He is one of the students who have been to Shanghai. 他是那些去过上海的学生中的一个。 *He is the only one of the students who has been to Shanghai. 他是那些学生中唯一一个去过上海的。,(9)表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 *One and a half hours is enough for me to finish the work. 对我来说，一个半小时完成这

23、项工作就足够了。,(10)none作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式；all单独作主语表示人时，谓语动词用复数形式；表示事物时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。 *None of us has/have been to Beijing. 我们谁都没去过北京。 *All are eager to reach an agreement. 大家都急于达成一项协议。 *All is well that ends well. 结果好，一切都好。,3. 就近一致原则。 就近一致就是谓语动词在人称和数上与最近的主语保持一致。 (1)由or, either. . . or. . . , neither.

24、. . nor. . . 或not only. . . but also. . . 等连接的并列主语，通常使用就近一致原则。这一原则也适用于疑问句。 *Either you or I am to blame for the mistakes. 或者是你，或者是我要为这些错误受到责备。 *Are you or he good at English? 是你还是他擅长英语？,(2)there, here引导的句子，其主语是一系列事物时，使用就近一致原则。 *There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk. 桌上有一支钢笔，两本书和许多铅笔

25、。 *Look out! Here comes a car and some bikes towards us! 当心！一辆汽车和一些自行车冲着我们过来了！,【即学活用】用所给词的适当形式完成句子。 A singer and dancer _(invite) to perform at our school yesterday. All the students but Xiao Wang _(be) going to Beijing tomorrow. Every boy and every girl _(ask)to obey the rules. Some money as well a

26、s some books _(give) to the children in the disaster-hit areas last month. The whole class _(be) doing experiment when I went into the lab.,was invited,are,is asked,was given,were,【典题研习】 1. (2014大纲版全国卷)Unless some extra money_ , the theatre will close. (find),【思路演示】 分析句式：该句为复合句。unless引起条件状语从句，表示“除非，

27、如果不”；主句使用的是一般将来时。 理清句意: 除非找到另外的投资，否则这个电影院就会关闭。 抓取关键：主句使用一般将来时的时候，在条件状语从句中应该使用一般现在时表示将来；条件状语从句中的动词find和money是动宾关系，应该使用被动语态。 断定答案：is found。,2. (2014湖南高考)All we need_ a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year. (be),【思路演示】 分析句式：该句为复合

28、句。代词all是主句的主语，we need是定语从句，修饰先行词all；a small piece of land 在句中作表语，where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year是定语从句，修饰先行词land。 理清句意: 我们需要的是一小块土地，在一年中的生长季节里，我们可以在那里种植各种果树。,抓取关键: 代词all作主语表示人时，谓语动词使用复数形式；代词all表示事物时，谓语使用单数形式。另外根据表语a small piece of land也可以知道，谓

29、语动词应该使用单数形式，同时句中也没有出现过去时的时间状语。 断定答案：is。,【即学活用】 用所给动词的适当形式填空。 1. (2015福建高考)To my delight, I(choose)from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony. 【解析】was chosen。句意: 令我高兴的是, 我从几百名申请者中被选出来去出席开幕式。根据To my delight可知, 题干中所描述的事肯定是发生了, 故用一般过去时。又因为主语“I”与动词choose之间有逻辑上的动宾关系, 故用一般过去时的被动形式。,2. (2015

30、北京高考)Did you enjoy the party? Yes. We(treat)well by our hosts. 【解析】were treated。句意: 你喜欢那个聚会吗?是的, 我们受到了主人很好的招待。根据问句中的did可知空处应用过去时, 且we和treat之间是动宾关系, 故用一般过去时的被动语态。,3. (2015湖南高考)It is important to remember that success (be)a sum of small efforts made each day and often(take)years to achieve. 【解析】is; ta

31、kes。句意: 重要的是(我们)必须铭记成功是由每天点点滴滴的努力而且要花很多年才能获得的。分析句子结构可知宾语从句的主语是success, and连接两个并列谓语, 都要用单数形式。,4. (2013湖南高考)The university estimates that living expenses for international students_ around $8, 450 a year, which_ a burden for some of them. (be) 【解析】are; is。句意: 这所大学估计国际生的生活开销每年大约是8 450美元, 这对其中一些学生来说是一大负

32、担。living expenses“生活开销”为复数名词, 故谓语动词用复数; 非限制性定语从句的关系代词which的先行词是$8, 450, 为金钱数量, 作为一个整体时谓语动词用单数。,【真题备选】 1. (2013福建高考)The famous musician, as well as his students, _ to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo. (invite) 【解析】was invited。句意: 这位著名的音乐家及其学生应邀在2012年台北花博会开幕式上表演。as well a

33、s连接两个并列的名词作主语时, 谓语动词应和as well as前面的名词一致, 故用单数谓语动词; 本题只是陈述在过去的时间发生的事, 故用一般过去时。,2. (2013湖南高考)If nothing_ , the oceans will turn into fish deserts. (do) 【解析】is done。句意: 要是什么都不做, 海洋将变成鱼的沙漠。if引导条件状语从句, 从句中用一般现在时代替将来时态; nothing与do之间是被动关系。,3. (2012陕西高考)The basketball coach, as well as his team, interviewed

34、 shortly after the match for their outstanding performance. (be) 【解析】was。句意: 比赛后不久, 那位篮球教练和他的队员们因为他们出色的表现而受到了采访。主语后接as well as短语作插入语时, 谓语动词形式不受其影响。这里的主语The basketball coach是单数, 所以谓语动词应该用单数。再根据句意可知事情已经发生, 所以用过去时。,4. (2011湖南高考)One-third of the country_ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens_ black people. (be) 【解析】is; are。考查主谓一致。句意: 这个国家有三分之一的面积被森林覆盖, 并且大多数公民是黑人。“分数+of+名(代)词”作主语, 谓语动词的单复数取决于该名(